91.080 - Structures of buildings
ICS 91.080 Details
Structures of buildings
Baustrukturen
Structures de construction
Gradbene konstrukcije
General Information
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This document specifies the scheme for assessment and verification of competence of personnel installing post-tensioning kits.
The document provides provisions for the training providers, assessment bodies and possible certification bodies.
Requirements to the minimum competence and experience for personnel installing post-tensioning kits are given in EN 17678-1.
This document can be amended with a national annex where indicated in the text.
- Draft9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1999 1 5
(1) EN 1999 1 5 applies to the structural design of aluminium structures, stiffened and unstiffened, that have the form of a shell of revolution or of a round panel in monocoque structures.
(2) EN 1999 1 5 covers additional provisions to those given in the relevant parts of EN 1999 for design of aluminium structures.
NOTE Supplementary information for certain types of shells is given in EN 1993 1 6 and the relevant application parts which include:
- Part 3-1 for towers and masts;
- Part 3-2 for chimneys;
- Part 4-1 for silos;
- Part 4-2 for tanks;
- Part 4-3 for pipelines.
(4) The provisions in EN 1999 1 5 apply to axisymmetric shells (cylinders, cones, spheres) and associated circular or annular plates, beam section rings and stringer stiffeners, where they form part of the complete structure.
(5) Single shell panels (cylindrical, conical or spherical) are not explicitly covered by EN 1999 1 5. However, the provisions can be applicable if the appropriate boundary conditions are duly taken into account.
(6) Types of shell walls covered in EN 1999 1 5 can be (see Figure 1.1):
- shell wall constructed from flat rolled sheet with adjacent plates connected with butt welds, termed ‘isotropic’;
- shell wall with lap joints formed by connecting adjacent plates with overlapping sections, termed lap-jointed;
- shell wall with stiffeners attached to the outside, termed ‘externally stiffened’ irrespective of the spacing of stiffeners;
- shell wall with the corrugations running up the meridian, termed ‘axially corrugated’;
- shell wall constructed from corrugated sheets with the corrugations running around the shell circumference, termed ‘circumferentially corrugated’.
(7) The provisions of EN 1999 1 5 are intended to be applied within the temperature range defined in EN 1999 1 1. The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be neglected. For structures subject to elevated temperatures associated with fire see EN 1999 1 2.
(8) EN 1999 1 5 does not cover the aspect of leakage.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) The provisions of EN 1999 1 1 apply.
(3) The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execution in EN 1090 3 or other equivalent requirements are complied with.
(4) For the design of new structures, prEN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
(5) EN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
- EN 1090 1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
- EN 1090 3: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft73 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-3
(1) This document gives the basis for the design of aluminium alloy structures subject to fatigue in the ultimate limit state.
(2) This document gives rules for:
- safe life design;
- damage tolerant design;
- design assisted by testing.
(3) This document does not cover pressurized containment vessels or pipework.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply.
(3) EN 1999-1-3 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), relevant parts in EN 1992 to EN 1999, EN 1090-1 and EN 1090-3 for requirements for execution, and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to aluminium structures.
- Standard125 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft125 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-2
(1) EN 1999-1-2 deals with the design of aluminium structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1, EN 1999-1-2, EN 1999-1-3, EN 1999-1-4 and EN 1999-1-5. This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) EN 1999-1-2 applies to aluminium structures required to fulfil a load bearing function.
(3) EN 1999-1-2 gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance.
(4) EN 1999-1-2 applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1999 1 1 and are designed accordingly.
(5) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable to the following aluminium alloys:
EN AW-3004 - H34 EN AW-5083 - O and H12 EN AW-6063 - T5 and T6
EN AW-5005 - O and H34 EN AW-5454 - O and H34 EN AW-6082 - T4 and T6
EN AW-5052 - H34 EN AW-6061 - T6
(6) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable also to other aluminium alloy/tempers of EN 1999 1-1, if reliable material properties at elevated temperatures are available or the simplified assumptions in 5.2.1 are applied.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the following assumptions apply:
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.
- any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
(2) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999.
(3) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
- EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures
- Standard55 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft53 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-4
(1)P This document gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It applies to cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking.
NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules in other parts of EN 1999-1.
NOTE 2 The execution of aluminium structures made of cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications is covered in EN 1090-5.
(2) This document gives methods for stressed-skin design using aluminium sheeting as a structural diaphragm.
(3) This document does not apply to cold-formed aluminium profiles like C- and Z- profiles nor cold-formed and welded circular or rectangular hollow sections.
(4) This document gives methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for the design by calculation apply only within stated ranges of material properties and geometrical properties for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design by testing.
(5) This document does not cover load arrangement for loads during execution and maintenance.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) For the design of new structures, prEN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
EN 1999 (all parts) is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
- EN 1090-1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
- EN 1090-5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications
- Standard83 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft82 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
EN 1999 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering and structural works made of aluminium. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990 – Basis of structural design.
EN 1999 is only concerned with requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of aluminium structures. Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.
EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
— EN 1990 Basis of structural design
— EN 1991 Actions on structures
— European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
— EN 1090-1: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
— EN 1090-3: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures – Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures.
EN 1999-1-1 gives basic design rules for structures made of wrought aluminium alloys and limited guidance for cast alloys.
The following limits are recommended – if not otherwise explicitly stated in this standard:
components with material thickness not less than 0,6 mm;
welded components with material thickness not less than 1,5 mm;
connections with:
— steel bolts and pins with diameter not less than 5 mm;
— aluminium bolts and pins with diameter not less than 8 mm;
— rivets and thread forming screws with diameter not less than 3,9 mm
- Standard371 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft364 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the standard requirements regarding design, construction and maintenance to be applied for structural intervention using the jacketing method, which places reinforcing materials such as reinforcing steel or fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) grids around the periphery of existing concrete column or beam and jackets these members with cementitious materials. This document specifies structural intervention of existing concrete structures using cementitious materials design and execution principles, and strategies for defects and on-going deterioration including, but not limited to: a) mechanical actions, e.g. fatigue, impact, overloading, movement caused by settlement, blast, vibration, and seismic actions; b) chemical and biological actions from environments, e.g. sulfate attack, alkali-aggregate reaction; c) physical actions, e.g. freeze–thaw, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, fire, and erosion; d) reinforcement corrosion; e) original construction defects that remained unaddressed from the time of construction.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the standards for design and construction using the top-surface overlaying method, which increases the thickness of existing concrete members by integrating cementitious materials onto the top surface of the members so as to improve the safety, serviceability, durability and other properties of a concrete structure. This document specifies structural intervention of existing concrete structures using cementitious materials design and execution principles, and strategies for defects and on-going deterioration including, but not limited to: a) mechanical actions, e.g. fatigue, impact, overloading, movement caused by settlement, blast, vibration, and seismic actions; b) chemical and biological actions from environments, e.g. sulfate attack, alkali-aggregate reaction; c) physical actions, e.g. freeze–thaw, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, fire, and erosion; d) reinforcement corrosion; e) original construction defects that remained unaddressed from the time of construction.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft23 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the standards for design and construction using the bottom-surface (soffit) underlaying method. Bottom-surface (soffit) underlaying is a method whereby reinforcing materials are placed on the bottom surface of the slabs or beams whose performance is lower than required and the improvement of durability, serviceability, safety and other performance of the members is achieved by the integrity between the reinforcing materials and existing members. This document specifies structural intervention of existing concrete structures using cementitious materials design and execution principles, and strategies for defects and on-going deterioration including, but not limited to: a) mechanical actions, e.g. fatigue, impact, overloading, movement caused by settlement, blast, vibration, and seismic actions; b) chemical and biological actions from environments, e.g. sulfate attack, alkali-aggregate reaction; c) physical actions, e.g. freeze–thaw, thermal cracking, moisture movement, salt crystallization, fire, and erosion; d) reinforcement corrosion; e) original construction defects that remained unaddressed from the time of construction.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the standards for design, construction and maintenance following completion of intervention to be applied for performing intervention work using cementitious materials to improve the performance of existing concrete structures. The intervention dealt with in this document is intended to restore, sustain or improve the mechanical performance of concrete structures. When the intervention is aimed at restoring or improving durability, reference should be made to relevant documents. This document covers the overlaying, underlaying and jacketing methods using cementitious materials. The intervention with cementitious materials is covered in ISO 16311-1, Clause 4.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of determining the ability of adhesive bonds to resist static load. It is applicable to adhesives used in load bearing timber structures.
It is suitable for the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives according to EN 301, EN 15425 and EN 16254;
b) for assessing the suitability and quality of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures;
c) for assessing the effect on the bond strength resulting from constant load at different climate conditions.
This method is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments.
This method is not intended to provide data for structural design, and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a laboratory test method for the qualitative determination of the retention level of chemical resistance of repair materials in repaired cracks of concrete structures in conditions where the material is either underwater or in contact with water that can have various chemical components present.
- Technical specification8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a laboratory test method on the quantitative determination of repair materials performance and resistance against erosion and wash out due to underground water flow.
- Technical specification8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a laboratory test method for indirectly measuring the adhesion performance of repair material to wet concrete crack surfaces by qualitatively, as a pass/fail at predetermined time, against predetermined amount of weight exerted on the repair material adhesion. NOTE This document classifies and categorizes materials that are tested into families of similar properties for the purpose of making relative comparisons with the data results.
- Technical specification12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft12 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-4
(1) EN 1999-1-4 gives design requirements for cold-formed trapezoidal aluminium sheeting. It applies to cold-formed aluminium products made from hot rolled or cold rolled sheet or strip that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-breaking.
NOTE 1 The rules in this part complement the rules in other parts of EN 1999-1.
NOTE 2 The execution of aluminium structures made of cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications is covered in EN 1090-5.
(2) EN 1999-1-4 gives methods for stressed-skin design using aluminium sheeting as a structural diaphragm.
(3) EN 1999-1-4 does not apply to cold-formed aluminium profiles like C- and Z- profiles nor cold-formed and welded circular or rectangular hollow sections.
(4) EN 1999-1-4 gives methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for the design by calculation apply only within stated ranges of material properties and geometrical properties for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design by testing.
(5) EN 1999-1-4 does not cover load arrangement for loads during execution and maintenance.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components;
- EN 1090-5, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications.
- Standard83 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft82 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-2
(1) EN 1999-1-2 deals with the design of aluminium structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1, EN 1999-1-2, EN 1999-1-3, EN 1999-1-4 and EN 1999-1-5. This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) EN 1999-1-2 applies to aluminium structures required to fulfil a load bearing function.
(3) EN 1999-1-2 gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned function and the levels of performance.
(4) EN 1999-1-2 applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1999 1 1 and are designed accordingly.
(5) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable to the following aluminium alloys:
EN AW-3004 - H34 EN AW-5083 - O and H12 EN AW-6063 - T5 and T6
EN AW-5005 - O and H34 EN AW-5454 - O and H34 EN AW-6082 - T4 and T6
EN AW-5052 - H34 EN AW-6061 - T6
(6) The methods given in EN 1999-1-2 are applicable also to other aluminium alloy/tempers of EN 1999 1-1, if reliable material properties at elevated temperatures are available or the simplified assumptions in 5.2.1 are applied.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the following assumptions apply:
- the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.
- any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.
(2) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999.
(3) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components
- EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures
- Standard55 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft53 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-5
(1) EN 1999-1-5 applies to the structural design of aluminium structures, stiffened and unstiffened, that have the form of a shell of revolution or of a round panel in monocoque structures.
(2) EN 1999-1-5 covers additional provisions to those given in the relevant parts of EN 1999 for design of aluminium structures.
NOTE Supplementary information for certain types of shells is given in EN 1993-1-6 and the relevant application parts of EN 1993 which include:
- Part 3-1 for towers and masts;
- Part 3-2 for chimneys;
- Part 4-1 for silos;
- Part 4-2 for tanks;
- Part 4-3 for pipelines.
(4) The provisions in EN 1999-1-5 apply to axisymmetric shells (cylinders, cones, spheres) and associated circular or annular plates, beam section rings and stringer stiffeners, where they form part of the complete structure.
(5) Single shell panels (cylindrical, conical or spherical) are not explicitly covered by EN 1999-1-5. However, the provisions can be applicable if the appropriate boundary conditions are duly taken into account.
(6) Types of shell walls covered in EN 1999-1-5 can be (see Figure 1.1):
- shell wall constructed from flat rolled sheet with adjacent plates connected with butt welds, termed “isotropic”;
- shell wall with lap joints formed by connecting adjacent plates with overlapping sections, termed “lap-jointed”;
- shell wall with stiffeners attached to the outside, termed “externally stiffened” irrespective of the spacing of stiffeners;
- shell wall with the corrugations running up the meridian, termed “axially corrugated”;
- shell wall constructed from corrugated sheets with the corrugations running around the shell circumference, termed “circumferentially corrugated”.
[Figure 1.1 - Illustration of cylindrical shell form]
(7) The provisions of EN 1999-1-5 are intended to be applied within the temperature range defined in EN 1999-1-1. The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be neglected. For structures subject to elevated temperatures associated with fire, see EN 1999-1-2.
(8) EN 1999-1-5 does not cover the aspect of leakage.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply.
(3) The design procedures are valid only when the requirements for execution in EN 1090-3 or other equivalent requirements are complied with.
(4) For the design of new structures, EN 1999 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1994, EN 1995, EN 1997 and EN 1998.
(5) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components;
- EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft73 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1999-1-3
(1) This document gives the basis for the design of aluminium alloy structures subject to fatigue in the ultimate limit state.
(2) This document gives rules for:
- safe life design;
- damage tolerant design;
- design assisted by testing.
(3) This document does not cover pressurized containment vessels or pipework.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) The provisions of EN 1999-1-1 apply.
(3) EN 1999-1-3 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), relevant parts in EN 1992 to EN 1999, EN 1090-1 and EN 1090-3 for requirements for execution, and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to aluminium structures.
- Standard125 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft125 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of FprEN 1999-1-1
(1) FprEN 1999-1-1 gives basic design rules for structures made of wrought aluminium alloys and limited guidance for cast alloys (see Clause 5 and Annex C).
This document does not cover the following, unless otherwise explicitly stated in this document:
- components with material thickness less than 0,6 mm;
- welded components with material thickness less than 1,5 mm;
- connections with:
- steel bolts and pins with diameter less than 5 mm;
- aluminium bolts and pins with diameter less than 8 mm;
- rivets and thread forming screws with diameter less than 3,9 mm.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:
- execution complies with EN 1090-3 and EN 1090-5;
- the mechanical properties comply with the product standards listed in 5.2.2.
(2) EN 1999 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
- European Standards for construction products relevant for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-1, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 1: Requirements for conformity assessment of structural components;
- EN 1090-3, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 3: Technical requirements for aluminium structures;
- EN 1090-5, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 5: Technical requirements for cold-formed structural aluminium elements and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications.
- Standard371 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft364 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the resistance to delamination in glue lines.
It is suitable for the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives with EN 301, EN 15425, EN 16254, EN 17334 and EN 17418;
b) for assessing the suitability and quality of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures;
c) for comparing the effects on the bond strength resulting from the choice of bonding conditions, from different climatic conditioning and from the treatment of the test pieces before and after bonding.
This test is not applicable for modified and stabilized wood with strongly reduced swelling and shrinkage properties, such as acetylated wood, heat-treated wood and polymer impregnated wood.
This test is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments.
This method is not intended to provide data for structural design and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes a classification for emulsion polymerised isocyanate (EPI) adhesives according to their suitability for use in load-bearing timber products in defined climatic exposure conditions, and specifies performance requirements for such adhesives for the industrial manufacture of load-bearing timber products only.
The performance requirements of this document apply to the adhesives only, not to the timber products. This document does not cover the performance of adhesives for on-site gluing (except for factory-like conditions) nor the production of wood-based panels, except solid wood panels, or modified and stabilized wood with considerably reduced swelling and shrinkage properties, e.g. such as acetylated wood, heat treated wood and polymer impregnated wood.
This document is primarily intended for the use of adhesive manufacturers and for the use in timber products bonded with adhesives, to assess or control the quality of adhesives. This document only specifies the performance of an adhesive for use in an environment corresponding to the defined conditions.
Such an adhesive meeting the requirements of this document for its type is adequate for use in load-bearing timber products, provided that the bonding process has been carried out according to an appropriate product standard.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the shear strength of adhesive bonds in close contact glue line and thick glue line.
It is suitable for the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives with EN 301, EN 15425, EN 16254, EN 17334 and EN 17418;
b) for assessing the suitability and quality of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures.
This test is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments.
This method is not intended for use to provide for structural design and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the working life for adhesives mixed with hardener for load-bearing timber structures, by a viscosity test.
This method is not suitable for determining the working life of a multi-component adhesive whose actual working life is very short.
This document is only intended for obtaining a reliable basis for comparison between adhesives. The method gives results which cannot be applied to the safe manufacture of timber structures without modifications for the influences of factory temperature and relative air humidity.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the influence of shear strength in crosswise gluing by wood shrinkage under drying conditions.
It is suitable for the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives with EN 301, EN 15425, EN 16254, EN 17334 and EN 17418;
b) for assessing the suitability and quality of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures;
c) for determining if the adhesive is capable of withstanding stresses due to wood shrinkage without unacceptable loss of strength.
This test is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments. This test is carried out on Norway spruce (Picea abies L.).
This method is not intended for use to provide numerical design data and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a laboratory method of determining the maximum assembly time at two spread rate levels in standard atmosphere [20/65].
This document is intended for obtaining a reliable base of comparison of the maximum assembly time between adhesives at referenced conditions.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft10 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes a classification for one component polyurethane (PUR) adhesives according to their suitability for use in load-bearing timber products in defined climatic exposure conditions; it specifies performance requirements for such adhesives for the factory manufacture or factory like manufacturing of load-bearing timber products only.
It also classifies "adhesive lines" where all the products within the line have almost identical physical/chemical properties and gluing performance, but different reactivity.
This document only specifies the performance of adhesives for use in an environment corresponding to the defined conditions.
The performance requirements of this document apply to the adhesives only, not to the manufactured timber products. This document does not cover the performance of adhesives for on-site gluing (except for factory-like conditions) nor the production of wood-based panels, except solid wood panels, or modified and stabilized wood with considerably reduced swelling and shrinkage properties, e.g. such as acetylated wood, heat treated wood and polymer impregnated wood.
This document is primarily intended for the use of adhesive manufacturers and for the use in timber products bonded with adhesives, to assess or control the quality of adhesives. The requirements apply to the type testing of the adhesives. Production control activities are outside the scope of this document.
Adhesives meeting the requirements of this document are adequate for use in load-bearing timber products, provided that the bonding process has been carried out according to an appropriate product standard.
This document does not address the classification and use of adhesives in combination with the spraying of water before or during the bonding process; see informative Annex C of this document.
This does neither allow nor forbid the use of adhesives in combination with spraying of water.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for determining the effect on bond strength of damage to wood fibres caused by the action of acids from the adhesive or primer used in the gluing process during climatic cycling.
It is suitable for the following applications:
a) for assessing the compliance of adhesives with EN 301, EN 15425 and EN 16254;
b) for assessing the suitability and quality of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures;
c) for determining if the adhesive after bonding has a damaging influence on the strength of the wood due to chemical action.
This test is intended primarily to obtain performance data for the classification of adhesives for load-bearing timber structures according to their suitability for use in defined climatic environments. This test is carried out on Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) or Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.).
This method is not intended for use to provide numerical design data and does not necessarily represent the performance of the bonded member in service.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the minimum pressing time for two glue line thicknesses, close contact glue line and 0,3 mm thick glue line (for gap filling adhesive 1,0 mm), at three temperatures. It is applicable to adhesives used in load- bearing timber structures.
This document is only intended for obtaining a reliable base of comparison of pressing time between adhesives. The method gives results that cannot be applied to the safe manufacture of timber structures without modifications for the influences of timber density/absorbency, moisture content, factory temperature and relative air humidity.
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- Draft9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes a classification for phenolic and aminoplastic polycondensation adhesives according to their suitability for use for load-bearing timber structures in defined climatic exposure conditions, and specifies performance requirements for such adhesives for the factory manufacture or factory-like manufacturing conditions of load-bearing timber structures only.
This document only specifies the performance of an adhesive for use in an environment corresponding to the defined conditions.
The performance requirements of this document apply to the adhesive only, not to the timber structure. This document does not cover the performance of adhesives for on-site gluing (except for factory-like conditions) nor the production of wood-based panels, except solid wood panels, or modified and stabilized wood with considerably reduced swelling and shrinkage properties, e.g. such as acetylated wood, heat treated wood and polymer impregnated wood.
This document is primarily intended for the use of adhesive manufacturers and for the use in timber structures bonded with adhesives, to assess or control the quality of adhesives. The requirements apply to the type testing of the adhesives. Production control activities are outside the scope of this document.
Adhesives meeting the requirements of this document are adequate for use in a load-bearing timber structures, provided that the bonding process has been carried out according to an appropriate product standard.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of FprCEN/TS 19101
(1) This document applies to the design of buildings, bridges and other civil engineering structures in fibre-polymer composite materials, including permanent and temporary structures. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability and durability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990.
NOTE In this document, fibre-polymer composite materials are referred to as composite materials or as composites.
(2) This document is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, durability and fire resistance of composite structures.
NOTE 1 Specific requirements concerning seismic design are not considered.
NOTE 2 Other requirements, e.g. concerning thermal or acoustic insulation, are not considered.
(3) This document gives a general basis for the design of composite structures composed of (i) composite members, or (ii) combinations of composite members and members of other materials (hybrid-composite structures), and (iii) the joints between these members.
(4) This document applies to composite structures in which the values of material temperature in members, joints and components in service conditions are (i) higher than -40 °C and (ii) lower than - 20 °C, where is the glass transition temperature of composite, core and adhesive materials, defined according to 5.1(1).
(5) This document applies to:
(i) composite members, i.e. profiles and sandwich panels, and
(ii) bolted, bonded and hybrid joints and their connections.
NOTE 1 Profiles and sandwich panels can be applied in structural systems such as beams, columns, frames, trusses, slabs, plates and shells.
NOTE 2 Sandwich panels include homogenous core and web-core panels. In web-core panels, the cells between webs can be filled (e.g. with foam) or remain empty (e.g. panels from pultruded profiles).
NOTE 3 This document does not apply to sandwich panels made of metallic face sheets.
NOTE 4 Built-up members can result from the assembly of two or more profiles, through bolting and/or adhesive bonding.
NOTE 5 The main manufacturing processes of composite members include pultrusion, filament winding, hand layup, resin transfer moulding (RTM), resin infusion moulding (RIM), vacuum-assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM).
NOTE 6 This document does not apply to composite cables or special types of civil engineering works (e.g. pressure vessels, tanks or chemical storage containers).
(6) This document applies to:
(i) the composite components of composite members, i.e. composite plies, composite laminates, sandwich cores and plates or profiles, and
(ii) the components of joints or their connections, i.e. connection plates or profiles (e.g. cleats), bolts, and adhesive layers.
NOTE 1 Composite components are composed of composite materials (i.e. fibres and matrix resins) and core materials. Components of joints and their connections are also composed of composite, steel or adhesive materials.
NOTE 2 The fibre architecture of composite components can comprise a single type of fibres or a hybrid of two or more types of fibres.
NOTE 3 This document does not apply to composite components used for internal reinforcement of concrete structures (composite rebars) or strengthening of existing structures (composite rebars, strips or sheets).
(7) This document applies to composite materials, comprising:
(i) glass, carbon, basalt or aramid fibres, and
(ii) a matrix based on unsaturated polyester, vinylester, epoxy or phenolic thermoset resins.
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- Draft238 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Scope of EN 1993 1 1
(1) EN 1993 1 1 gives basic design rules for steel structures.
(2) It also gives supplementary provisions for the structural design of steel buildings. These supplementary provisions are indicated by the letter "B" after the paragraph number, thus ( )B.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to EN 1993 1 1.
(2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents, EN 1090 2, EN 1090 4 and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to steel structures.
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(1) This document provides an alternative method for the stability verification of steel members under compression axial force and bending moment, with reference to EN 1993 1 1.
NOTE For the applicability of this document, see Clause 4.
(2) The method given in this document applies to uniform steel members with double symmetric cross-section under axial compression force and bi-axial bending.
- Technical specification9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Technical specification9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document indicates the minimum training and registration requirements for post-tensioning personnel involved in the installation of PT kits in concrete structures using bonded or unbonded tendons in accordance with the relevant execution specifications, product standard and/or European Technical Assessment (ETA).
This document describes the tasks that the various categories of PT personnel can undertake.
For the purposes of this document, PT personnel means: PT-Manager, Supervisors, Operatives and Trainees who are directly employed or indirectly employed on a sub-contract basis.
This document does not cover general safety and health aspects.
This document does not cover contractual issues.
prEN 17678-2 deals with the assessment of competence.
Note: It is within the concept of this document that supplementing requirements can be given in the execution specification or in a national annex.
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This document specifies the safety requirements for planning, selection, production, intended use as well as testing of aluminium stage decks and frames that are capable of being used as aluminium stage decks, inclinations, steps and stairs; including railings for performance areas (stages) and stands.
This document deals with all of the significant hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events relevant to aluminium stage decks and frames when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer.
If these products become components of a built environment, then structural requirements are expected to be taken into consideration.
This document does not apply to scaffolding used as substructures in stage and studio environments in accordance with the standard series EN 12810 and EN 12811 and not for fairground rides in accordance with EN 13814 1.
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1.1 Scope of FprEN 1993 1 1
(1) FprEN 1993 1 1 gives basic design rules for steel structures.
(2) It also gives supplementary provisions for the structural design of steel buildings. These supplementary provisions are indicated by the letter "B" after the paragraph number, thus ( )B.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to FprEN 1993 1 1.
(2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents, EN 1090 2, EN 1090 4 and ENs, EADs and ETAs for construction products relevant to steel structures.
- Standard120 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft118 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
(1) This document provides an alternative method for the stability verification of steel members under compression axial force and bending moment, with reference to EN 1993 1 1.
NOTE For the applicability of this document, see Clause 4.
(2) The method given in this document applies to uniform steel members with double symmetric cross-section under axial compression force and bi-axial bending.
- Technical specification9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Technical specification9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the minimum training and registration requirements for post-tensioning personnel involved in the installation of PT kits. These PT kits are typically used in concrete structures using bonded or unbonded tendons in accordance with the relevant execution specifications, product standard and / or appropriate technical assessment.
This document specifies the tasks that the various categories of PT personnel can undertake.
For the purposes of this document, PT personnel means: PT Manager, PT Supervisors, PT Operatives and PT Trainees who are directly employed or indirectly employed on a sub-contract basis.
This document does not cover general safety and health aspects.
This document does not cover contractual issues.
prEN 17678-2:2022 deals with the assessment of competence.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the principles regarding the design of seismically isolated structures under earthquake effects. This document also describes the principles of construction management and maintenance, since proper construction management and maintenance are important for realizing high quality seismic isolation structures. This document is not applicable to bridges and LNG tanks, although some of the principles can be referred to for the seismic isolation of those structures. This document is not applicable to seismic isolation structures that reduce the vertical response to earthquake ground motions, since this document mainly specifies seismic isolation structures that attenuate the horizontal response to horizontal earthquake ground motions. This document is not a legally binding and enforceable code. It can be viewed as a source document that is utilized in the development of codes of practice by the competent authority responsible for issuing structural design regulations. NOTE This document has been prepared mainly for the seismically isolated structures which have the seismic isolation interface applied between a superstructure and a substructure to reduce the effect of the earthquake ground motion onto the superstructure. In most cases, the substructure refers to the foundation of the structure. However, the substructure in this document consists of a structural system below the isolation interface that has been designed with sufficient rigidity and strength. Examples include locating the isolation interface in a mid-storey of the building or above the bridge piers (see Annex E).
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements, additional to those of EN 14081-1, for type testing of machine graded structural timber with rectangular cross-sections shaped by sawing, planning or other methods, and having deviations from the target sizes corresponding to EN 336. This includes requirements for strength grading machines.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard gives a method for determining characteristic values of mechanical properties and density, for defined populations of visual grades and/or strength classes of machine graded structural timber. Additionally it covers the stages of sampling, testing, analysis and presentation of the data.
The standard provides methods to derive strength, stiffness and density properties for structural timber from tests with defect-free specimen.
The values determined in accordance with this standard for mechanical properties and density are suitable for assigning grades and species to the strength classes of EN 338.
NOTE 1 For assigning grades and species to the strength classes in EN 338 only three properties, i.e. bending or tension strength, modulus of elasticity parallel to grain in bending or tension and density need to be determined from test data, other properties can be calculated according to Table 2.
NOTE 2 EN 1912 gives examples of established visual grades assigned to strength classes.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies test methods suitable for determining the following mechanical properties of engineered bamboo products: a) modulus of elasticity in bending; b) shear modulus; c) bending strength; d) modulus of elasticity in tension parallel to the fibre; e) tension strength parallel to the fibre; f) modulus of elasticity in compression parallel to the fibre; g) compression strength parallel to the fibre; h) modulus of elasticity in tension perpendicular to the fibre; i) tension strength perpendicular to the fibre; j) modulus of elasticity in compression perpendicular to the fibre; k) compression strength perpendicular to the fibre and shear strength; i) shear strength parallel to the fibre. In addition, the determination of dimensions, moisture content and density are specified. This document is applicable to prismatic shapes of glued laminated bamboo and bamboo scrimber intended to resist flexure, shear, axial loads, or combinations thereof.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies performance requirements for cathodic protection of steel in cement-based
concrete, in both new and existing structures. It covers building and civil engineering structures,
including carbon steel reinforcement and prestressed reinforcement embedded in the concrete. It is
applicable to uncoated steel reinforcement and to organic-coated steel reinforcement. It is not applicable
to reinforced concrete containing electrically conductive fibres (e.g. carbon or steel).
This document applies to steel embedded in atmospherically exposed, buried, immersed and tidal
elements of buildings or structures.
This document is only applicable to the applications of cathodic protection to steel in concrete which
are designed with the intention to, and can be demonstrated to, meet the criteria of protection specified
in 8.6. This requires the provision of sufficient performance monitoring systems as specified in 6.3 to
all parts of the structure intended to be protected, in order to assess the extent to which the criteria in
8.6 are met.
This document does not apply to galvanic anodes or systems applied into patch repairs to reduce the
effects of ‘incipient anodes’. This document does also not apply to any form of cathodic protection
systems or other electrochemical treatments that either cannot meet the requirements of 8.6 or are not
provided with the performance monitoring systems (see 6.3) that are necessary to assess whether the
criteria of protection specified in 8.6 are met.
NOTE 1 Annex A gives guidance on the principles of cathodic protection and its application to steel in concrete.
NOTE 2 This document, while not specifically intended to address cathodic protection of steel in any
electrolyte except concrete, can be applied to cathodic protection of steel in other cementitious materials such as
are found, for example, in early 20th century steel-framed masonry, brick and terracotta clad buildings. In such
applications, additional considerations specific to these structures are required in respect of design, materials
and installation of cathodic protection; however, the requirements of this document can be applied to these
systems
- Standard66 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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This draft European Standard specifies the requirements for the following types of dowel-type fasteners: nails, staples, screws, dowels, and bolts with nuts.
Only dowel-type fasteners for structural use in load bearing timber structures, and manufactured from steel, are covered by this European Standard. In addition, this draft European Standard covers also the use of screws:
- to fix roof or cladding elements to the timber structure, with or without insulation layers;
and
- as reinforcement inserted in timber or in a glue laminated timber element to improve its resistance to compression perpendicular to the grain.
This draft European Standard specifies also the assessment and verification of constancy of performance (AVCP) procedures and includes requirements for marking of these products.
This draft European Standard covers dowel-type fasteners that may be coated for the following purposes:
- corrosion protection;
- lubrication (to facilitate insertion);
- withdrawal enhancement and/or collation for staples (adhesive and/or resin coatings).
This draft European Standard does not cover fasteners treated with fire retardants to improve their fire performance, nor does it cover glued-in rods.
- Standard78 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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This document specifies requirements additional to those given in EN 14081-1 for factory production control of machine graded structural timber with rectangular cross-sections shaped by sawing, planing or other methods, and having deviations from the target sizes corresponding to EN 336.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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(1) The basis for the design of building and civil engineering works in masonry is given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996, which deals with unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry and confined masonry. Principles for the design of prestressed masonry are also given. This Part 1-1 of EN 1996 is not valid for masonry elements with a plan area of less than 0,04 m2.
(2) For those types of structures not covered entirely, for new structural uses for established materials, for new materials, or where actions and other influences outside normal experience have to be resisted, the provisions given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996 may be applicable, but may need to be supplemented.
(3) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; any limits of applicability are given in the text where necessary.
(4) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 does not cover:
— resistance to fire (which is dealt with in EN 1996-1-2);
— particular aspects of special types of building (for example, dynamic effects on tall buildings);
— particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as masonry bridges, dams, chimneys or liquid-retaining structures);
— particular aspects of special types of structures (such as arches or domes);
— masonry where gypsum, with or without cement, mortars are used;
— masonry where the units are not laid in a regular pattern of courses (rubble masonry);
— masonry reinforced with other materials than steel.
- Standard137 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft135 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The purpose of this document is to extract the methods for determining the yield and ultimate characteristics and ductility of joints and assemblies from test data by reviewing existing standards in Europe, North America and Far East Asia and to provide the basic data for unifying the evaluation methods of parameters by clarifying their similarities and differences. These parameters are applied for determining the seismic performance of timber structures. This document deals with the method for determining the mechanical properties of individual joints and assemblies, and it does not refer to the seismic performance of the entire structure.
- Technical report38 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the characteristics of the following types of dowel-type fasteners:
- nails;
- staples;
- screws;
- dowels;
- bolts with nuts.
This document covers dowel-type fasteners for structural use in load bearing timber structures only. This document covers also the following additional intended uses of the screws:
- to fix roof or cladding elements to the timber structure, with or without insulation layers; and
- as reinforcement inserted in timber or in a glue laminated timber element to improve its resistance to compression perpendicular to the grain.
This document covers types of dowel-type fasteners, which are manufactured of either carbon steel or stainless steel and which may be coated for the following purposes:
- corrosion protection (as Type 1 coating);
- lubrication, to facilitate insertion (as Type 2 coating);
- withdrawal enhancement and/or collation for nails and staples (adhesive and/or resin coatings) (as Type 3 coating).
This document covers types of dowel-type fasteners, which are manufactured from materials and within the specifications for their geometry related properties, only as they are specified for:
- nails (see G.1);
- staples (see G.2);
- screws (see G.3);
- dowels (see G.4); and
- bolts with nuts (see G.5).
This document specifies also the assessment and verification of constancy of performance (AVCP) procedures of these characteristics and includes provisions for marking of dowel-type fasteners.
This document does not cover dowel-type fasteners treated with fire retardants to improve their fire performance, nor does it cover glued-in rods.
- Standard78 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft70 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
(1) The basis for the design of building and civil engineering works in masonry is given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996, which deals with unreinforced masonry, reinforced masonry and confined masonry. Principles for the design of prestressed masonry are also given. This Part 1-1 of EN 1996 is not valid for masonry elements with a plan area of less than 0,04 m2.
(2) For those types of structures not covered entirely, for new structural uses for established materials, for new materials, or where actions and other influences outside normal experience have to be resisted, the provisions given in this Part 1-1 of EN 1996 may be applicable, but may need to be supplemented.
(3) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildings. The applicability of these rules may be limited, for practical reasons or due to simplifications; any limits of applicability are given in the text where necessary.
(4) Part 1-1 of EN 1996 does not cover:
- resistance to fire (which is dealt with in EN 1996-1-2);
- particular aspects of special types of building (for example, dynamic effects on tall buildings);
- particular aspects of special types of civil engineering works (such as masonry bridges, dams, chimneys or liquid-retaining structures);
- particular aspects of special types of structures (such as arches or domes);
- masonry where gypsum, with or without cement, mortars are used;
- masonry where the units are not laid in a regular pattern of courses (rubble masonry);
- masonry reinforced with other materials than steel.
- Standard137 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft135 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes the basic principles for the determination of deformations of buildings at the serviceability limit state when formulating national standards and recommendations. This document contains information on how serviceability for buildings and building elements is dealt with in some national standards.
- Technical report13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements for unidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips as external-bonded reinforcements on the concrete substrate. This document is applicable for the CFRP strips that: — consist of carbon fibre and thermoset resin; — are manufactured by pultrusion method; — have a carbon fibre fraction over 60 % by volume; and — have a thickness within 3 mm. This document specifies the methodologies to express the mechanical properties as characteristic values, appearance and dimensions, and sampling test.
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- Draft6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off