This document specifies average values of leather density, depending on animal origin and thickness of finished leather, to be used for the calculation of LCA. This document is applicable to bovine, caprine and ovine types of leather.
This document does not apply to vegetable sole leather which is traded by weight.

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This document is a method for determining the total content (solvent extractible) of the following bisphenols:
—   Bisphenol A
—   Bisphenol B
—   Bisphenol F
—   Bisphenol S
This method requires the use of liquid chromatography (LC) with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MSMS) or with Diode Araay Detector (DAD) or FLD to identify and quantify the bisphenols.

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This document specifies a test method for detection and quantification of extractable neutral, ionic, long, medium and short chain perfluorinated and poly-fluorinated substances in leather and coated leather.
This document, taking into account the three-dimensional distribution of the fibres within leather, makes the evaluation of the perfluorinated and poly-fluorinated substances with respect to the mass.
Classes of regulated compounds listed in Annex A, Table A.1, include acids, telomers, sulfonates and sulphonamide alcohols. Classes of other non-regulated compounds that can be determined by this document are defined in Annex B, Table B.1.

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ISO 18218-1:2015 is a method for determining ethoxylated alkylphenols (nonyphenol ethoxylate [NPEOn with 1 ≤ n ≤ 16] and octylphenol ethoxylate [OPEOn with 1 ≤ n ≤ 16]) in leather. This direct method is especially suitable where a larger number of leather samples are to be checked for the presence of ethoxylated alkylphenols.
This method requires the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MSMS) to identify and quantify the ethoxylated alkylphenols.
NOTE 1 In the leather industry, the most commonly used commercial ethoxylated alkylphenol is the NPEO with an average of 9 EO. It has an optimum cloud point in water for the typical leather processing temperatures of 40 °C to 55 °C.
NOTE 2 ISO 18218-1 and ISO 18218-2 use different solvents for the extraction of the ethoxylated alkylphenols from leather. Consequently, the two analytical methods are expected to give similar trends but not necessarily the same absolute result for the ethoxylated alkylphenol content in leather.

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This document specifies a method for determining the total content (solvent extractible) of the following bisphenols in leather:
—     bisphenol A;
—     bisphenol B;
—     bisphenol F;
—     bisphenol S.
This method requires the use of liquid chromatography (LC) with either a single quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS), a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS), an ultraviolet (UV) detector, a diode array detector (DAD) or a fluorescence detector (FLD) to identify and quantify the bisphenols.
NOTE            This method can also be used for other bisphenols if they are validated by the laboratory.

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This document specifies a method for determining the total content (solvent extractible) of the following bisphenols in leather: — bisphenol A; — bisphenol B; — bisphenol F; — bisphenol S. This method requires the use of liquid chromatography (LC) with either a single quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS), a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS), an ultraviolet (UV) detector, a diode array detector (DAD) or a fluorescence detector (FLD) to identify and quantify the bisphenols. NOTE This method can also be used for other bisphenols if they are validated by the laboratory.

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This document specifies a test method for detection and quantification of extractable non-volatile per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in leather and coated leather by solvent extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.
This document, taking into account the three-dimensional distribution of the fibres within leather, makes the evaluation of the PFAS with respect to the mass.
PFAS substances categories and applications are listed in Annex A, Table A.1. Classes of PFAS regulated compounds listed in Annex B, Table B.1, include acids, telomers, sulfonates and sulphonamide alcohols. Classes of other non-regulated compounds that can be determined by this document are listed in Annex C, Table C.1.
NOTE 1        By applying the method specified in this document, the concentration of free fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH) in a sample cannot be correctly quantified if perfluoropolymers that release FTOH due to transesterification with the extraction solvent methanol are present in the sample.
NOTE 2        Some regulations (e.g. Reference [4]) also restrict perfluoropolymers having a linear or branched perfluoroheptyl group with the moiety (C7F15)C as one of the structural elements that can degrade to PFOA, e.g. polymers containing 2-perfluorooctylethanol (8:2 FTOH, CAS Registry Number® 678-39-7) bonded as esters. To determine whether these perfluoropolymers are intentionally present, it could be necessary to introduce an alkaline hydrolysis method to remove the 8:2 FTOH side-chain from the polymer. In addition, other FTOH, e.g. 6:2 FTOH or 10:2 FTOH, will be released from relevant perfluoropolymers by alkaline hydrolysis.

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This document is a method for determining ethoxylated alkylphenols (APEO) [nonyphenol ethoxylate (NPEOn, where 2 ≤ n ≤ 16) and octylphenol ethoxylate (OPEOn, where 2 ≤ n ≤ 16)] in leather. This direct method is especially suitable when a larger number of leather samples are to be checked for the presence of ethoxylated alkylphenols.
This method requires the use of liquid chromatography (LC) with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS) to identify and quantify the ethoxylated alkylphenols.
NOTE 1        In the leather industry, the most commonly used ethoxylated alkylphenol is the NPEO, with an average of 9 EO. It has an optimum cloud point in water for the typical leather processing temperatures of 40 °C to 55 °C.
NOTE 2        This document and ISO 18218-2 use different solvents for the extraction of the ethoxylated alkylphenols from leather. Consequently, the two analytical methods are expected to give similar trends but not necessarily the same absolute result for the ethoxylated alkylphenol content in leather.

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This document specifies a test method for detection and quantification of extractable non-volatile per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in leather and coated leather by solvent extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. This document, taking into account the three-dimensional distribution of the fibres within leather, makes the evaluation of the PFAS with respect to the mass. PFAS substances categories and applications are listed in Annex A, Table A.1. Classes of PFAS regulated compounds listed in Annex B, Table B.1, include acids, telomers, sulfonates and sulphonamide alcohols. Classes of other non-regulated compounds that can be determined by this document are listed in Annex C, Table C.1. NOTE 1 By applying the method specified in this document, the concentration of free fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH) in a sample cannot be correctly quantified if perfluoropolymers that release FTOH due to transesterification with the extraction solvent methanol are present in the sample. NOTE 2 Some regulations (e.g. Reference [4]) also restrict perfluoropolymers having a linear or branched perfluoroheptyl group with the moiety (C7F15)C as one of the structural elements that can degrade to PFOA, e.g. polymers containing 2-perfluorooctylethanol (8:2 FTOH, CAS Registry Number® 678-39-7) bonded as esters. To determine whether these perfluoropolymers are intentionally present, it could be necessary to introduce an alkaline hydrolysis method to remove the 8:2 FTOH side-chain from the polymer. In addition, other FTOH, e.g. 6:2 FTOH or 10:2 FTOH, will be released from relevant perfluoropolymers by alkaline hydrolysis.

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This document is a method for determining ethoxylated alkylphenols (APEO) [nonyphenol ethoxylate (NPEOn, where 2 ≤ n ≤ 16) and octylphenol ethoxylate (OPEOn, where 2 ≤ n ≤ 16)] in leather. This direct method is especially suitable when a larger number of leather samples are to be checked for the presence of ethoxylated alkylphenols. This method requires the use of liquid chromatography (LC) with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS/MS) to identify and quantify the ethoxylated alkylphenols. NOTE 1 In the leather industry, the most commonly used ethoxylated alkylphenol is the NPEO, with an average of 9 EO. It has an optimum cloud point in water for the typical leather processing temperatures of 40 °C to 55 °C. NOTE 2 This document and ISO 18218-2 use different solvents for the extraction of the ethoxylated alkylphenols from leather. Consequently, the two analytical methods are expected to give similar trends but not necessarily the same absolute result for the ethoxylated alkylphenol content in leather.

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ISO 2418:2017 specifies the location of a laboratory sample within a piece of leather and the method of labelling and marking the laboratory samples for future identification.
It is applicable to all types of leather derived from mammals irrespective of the tanning used.
It is not applicable to leathers derived from birds, fish, reptiles or furs.

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This document describes a method for determining the water vapour permeability of leather and provides alternative methods of sample preparation and for the measurement procedure.

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ISO 19076:2016 provides a method for the measurement of the surface of leather or leather parts by the use of electronic measuring machines.
It applies to the measurement of leather (or leather parts) fulfilling the following requirements:
- flexible leather, finished or unfinished, dry or wet leather;
- flexibility: such to allow full distension on the measuring line/surface.

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This document specifies the position of laboratory test specimens within a piece of leather and the method of labelling and marking the laboratory test specimens for future identification. In addition, this document specifies the design of press knives for cutting test pieces and the preparation of test pieces.
It is applicable to all types of leather derived from mammals, irrespective of the tanning used.
It is not applicable to leathers derived from birds, fish, reptiles or furs.

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This document describes a method for determining the water vapour permeability of leather and provides alternative methods of sample preparation and for the measurement procedure.

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This document provides a method for the measurement of the surface of leather or leather parts by the use of electronic measuring machines.
It applies to the measurement of leather (or leather parts) fulfilling the following requirements:
—    flexible leather, finished or unfinished dry leather;
—    flexible wet leather (see Annex E);
—    flexibility, such as to allow full distension on the measuring line or surface.

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This document specifies the position of laboratory test specimens within a piece of leather and the method of labelling and marking the laboratory test specimens for future identification. In addition, this document specifies the design of press knives for cutting test pieces and the preparation of test pieces. It is applicable to all types of leather derived from mammals, irrespective of the tanning used. It is not applicable to leathers derived from birds, fish, reptiles or furs.

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This document describes a method for determining the water vapour permeability of leather and provides alternative methods of sample preparation and for the measurement procedure.

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This document gives guidelines for the test methods and recommended values for upholstery leather for furniture.
This document also specifies the sampling and conditioning procedures of specimens.
Furs, hair-on leathers and wool-on leathers are not covered by this document.

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This document specifies requirements for the designations and descriptions used in the exchange of goods when exhibiting, promoting (e.g., advertising and labelling), and placing on the market when leather is used in upholstered furniture.
Parts of furniture with appearance that does not correspond to leather (e. g. wood, metal) and parts of purely decorative nature are not covered by this document.
The designation and/or description of leather in footwear, leather goods and leather clothing including gloves are not covered by this document.
The designation and/or description of leather in automotive interior applications is covered in EN 16223 2.

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This document sets the requirements for the description, labelling and marking of leather in leather goods.
This document defines the information to be included on descriptions, labels and markings for leather goods intended for sale to the final consumer.

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This document specifies requirements for the designations and descriptions used in the exchange of goods when exhibiting, promoting (e.g. advertising and labelling), and placing on the market when leather is used in automotive interiors.
This document provides general guidelines intended to be applied in the designation and description of automotive seating and interiors when reference is made to leather as a constituent material.
The designation or description of leather used in upholstered furniture, leather in footwear, leather goods and leather clothing including gloves are not covered by this document.

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This document provides a method for the measurement of the surface of leather or leather parts by the use of electronic measuring machines. It applies to the measurement of leather (or leather parts) fulfilling the following requirements: — flexible leather, finished or unfinished dry leather; — flexible wet leather (see Annex E); — flexibility, such as to allow full distension on the measuring line or surface.

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This document specifies general principles on colour fastness evaluation tests for leather, as listed in
Annex A.
Procedures included in this document are common to most of the fastness test methods.
This document provides a common basis for testing and reporting colour fastness. The uses and
limitations of the methods are pointed out, several terms are defined, an outline of the drafting of the
methods is given and the contents of the clauses describing the methods are discussed.
Procedures common to a number of the methods are discussed briefly.
Colour fastness means the resistance of the colour to the different agents to which these materials can
be exposed during manufacture and their subsequent use.
The change in colour of leather and staining of undyed adjacent fabrics or other materials are assessed
as fastness ratings.
Other visible changes in the leather under test, for example surface appearance, change in gloss or
shrinkage, are considered as separate properties and reported as such.
The leather fastness test methods can be used not only for assessing leather and related materials,
such as coated leather and leather board, but also for the eventual assessment of the colour fastness of
leather dyes. When such a method is so used, the dye is applied to a specified retanned leather or crust
leather in defined depths of colour by stated procedures and the material is then tested in the usual
way.

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This document specifies a method for measuring the adhesion of the finish to leather or the adhesion
between two adjacent layers of the finish.
The method is valid for all finished flexible leathers with a smooth surface that can be bonded to
an adherent plate without the adhesive penetrating into the finish. Preliminary experiments can be
necessary to determine whether these conditions are met.
This test method applies to finished leathers with a thick finish-coat.
The method specified in this document does not apply to unpigmented articles or articles without a
continuous coating layer, such as:
— nubuk;
— aniline;
— pull-up;
— suede;
— perforated leather.

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This document specifies requirements, sampling methods and testing methods for wet blue leather produced from goat skins tanned without hair and with the use of basic chromium sulfate as the primary tanning agent.

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This document specifies requirements, sampling methods and testing methods for wet blue leather produced from bovine hides and parts of bovine hides tanned without hair and with the use of basic chromium sulfate as the primary tanning agent.

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This document specifies requirements, sampling methods and testing methods for wet blue leather produced from sheep skins tanned without wool and with the use of basic chromium sulfate as the primary tanning agent.

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This document specifies a test method for the determination of the bending force of leather.

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This document specifies general principles on colour fastness evaluation tests for leather, as listed in Annex A.
Procedures included in this document are common to most of the fastness test methods.
This document provides a common basis for testing and reporting colour fastness. The uses and limitations of the methods are pointed out, several terms are defined, an outline of the drafting of the methods is given and the contents of the clauses describing the methods are discussed.
Procedures common to a number of the methods are discussed briefly.
Colour fastness means the resistance of the colour to the different agents to which these materials can be exposed during manufacture and their subsequent use.
The change in colour of leather and staining of undyed adjacent fabrics or other materials are assessed as fastness ratings.
Other visible changes in the leather under test, for example surface appearance, change in gloss or shrinkage, are considered as separate properties and reported as such.
The leather fastness test methods can be used not only for assessing leather and related materials, such as coated leather and leather board, but also for the eventual assessment of the colour fastness of leather dyes. When such a method is so used, the dye is applied to a specified retanned leather or crust leather in defined depths of colour by stated procedures and the material is then tested in the usual way.

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This document specifies a method for measuring the adhesion of the finish to leather or the adhesion between two adjacent layers of the finish.
The method is valid for all finished flexible leathers with a smooth surface that can be bonded to an adherent plate without the adhesive penetrating into the finish. Preliminary experiments can be necessary to determine whether these conditions are met.
This test method applies to finished leathers with a thick finish-coat.
The method specified in this document does not apply to unpigmented articles or articles without a continuous coating layer, such as:
—    nubuk;
—    aniline;
—    pull-up;
—    suede;
—    perforated leather.

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This document specifies a method for determining the dry or wet flex resistance of leather and finishes applied to leather. It is applicable to all types of flexible leather below 3,0 mm in thickness.

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This document specifies general principles on colour fastness evaluation tests for leather, as listed in Annex A. Procedures included in this document are common to most of the fastness test methods. This document provides a common basis for testing and reporting colour fastness. The uses and limitations of the methods are pointed out, several terms are defined, an outline of the drafting of the methods is given and the contents of the clauses describing the methods are discussed. Procedures common to a number of the methods are discussed briefly. Colour fastness means the resistance of the colour to the different agents to which these materials can be exposed during manufacture and their subsequent use. The change in colour of leather and staining of undyed adjacent fabrics or other materials are assessed as fastness ratings. Other visible changes in the leather under test, for example surface appearance, change in gloss or shrinkage, are considered as separate properties and reported as such. The leather fastness test methods can be used not only for assessing leather and related materials, such as coated leather and leather board, but also for the eventual assessment of the colour fastness of leather dyes. When such a method is so used, the dye is applied to a specified retanned leather or crust leather in defined depths of colour by stated procedures and the material is then tested in the usual way.

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This document specifies a test method for the determination of the bending force of leather.

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This document specifies a method for measuring the adhesion of the finish to leather or the adhesion between two adjacent layers of the finish. The method is valid for all finished flexible leathers with a smooth surface that can be bonded to an adherent plate without the adhesive penetrating into the finish. Preliminary experiments can be necessary to determine whether these conditions are met. This test method applies to finished leathers with a thick finish-coat. The method specified in this document does not apply to unpigmented articles or articles without a continuous coating layer, such as: — nubuk; — aniline; — pull-up; — suede; — perforated leather.

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This document specifies a method for the determination of the total metal content in leather using
digestion of the leather and subsequent determination with inductively coupled plasma optical emission
spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption
spectrometry (AAS) or spectrometry of atomic fluorescence (SFA).
This method determines the total metal content in leather. It is not compound-specific or specific to the
oxidation state of the metals.
The method is applicable for determining the following metals:
Aluminium (Al) Copper (Cu) Potassium (K)
Antimony (Sb) Iron (Fe) Selenium (Se)
Arsenic (As) Lead (Pb) Silicon (Si)
Barium (Ba) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na)
Cadmium (Cd) Manganese (Mn) Tin (Sn)
Calcium (Ca) Mercury (Hg) Titanium (Ti)
Chromium (Cr) (except chromium-tanned leathers) Molybdenum (Mo) Zinc (Zn)
Cobalt (Co) Nickel (Ni) Zirconium (Zr)
This method is also suitable for determining Boron (B) in leather.
In the case of chromium-tanned leathers, it is often more relevant to use ISO 5398-1, ISO 5398-2,
ISO 5398-3 or ISO 5398-4.
Interlaboratory test results and the quantification limits possible with ICP-OES are given in Tables A.1
and A.2.
For the determination of Al and Ti in leather, a digestion procedure is given in Annex B.

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This document specifies a method for the determination of the total metal content in leather using digestion of the leather and subsequent determination with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) or spectrometry of atomic fluorescence (SFA).
This method determines the total metal content in leather. It is not compound-specific or specific to the oxidation state of the metals.

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This document specifies a method for assessing the propensity of dyes and pigments to migrate
from leather to a synthetic substrate by determining the transfer of colour from the leather to white
polymeric material in contact with it.
This method is applicable to leather of all kinds at any stage of processing.

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This European Standard gives guidelines for the test methods and recommended values for upholstery leather for furniture.
This European Standard also specifies the sampling and conditioning procedures of specimens.
Furs, hair-on leathers and wool-on leathers are not covered by this standard.

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This document specifies a method for assessing the propensity of dyes and pigments to migrate from leather to a synthetic substrate by determining the transfer of colour from the leather to white polymeric material in contact with it.
This method is applicable to leather of all kinds at any stage of processing.

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This document specifies a method for the determination of the total metal content in leather using digestion of the leather and subsequent determination with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) or spectrometry of atomic fluorescence (SFA). This method determines the total metal content in leather. It is not compound-specific or specific to the oxidation state of the metals.

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This European Standard specifies requirements for the designations and descriptions that should be used in public or commercial communications, labels or product descriptions when leather is used in upholstered furniture and automotive interior applications.
The designation or description of leather in footwear, leather goods and leather clothing including gloves are not covered by this document.

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This European Standard specifies requirements for the designations and descriptions that should be used in public or commercial communications, labels or product descriptions when leather is used in upholstered furniture application.
The designation or description of leather in footwear, leather goods and leather clothing including gloves are not covered by this document.

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This document specifies a method for assessing the propensity of dyes and pigments to migrate from leather to a synthetic substrate by determining the transfer of colour from the leather to white polymeric material in contact with it. This method is applicable to leather of all kinds at any stage of processing.

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This document specifies a test method for the determination of the bending force of leather.

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This document specifies a method for determining the dry or wet flex resistance of leather and finishes
applied to leather. It is applicable to all types of flexible leather below 3,0 mm in thickness.

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This document specifies a method for determining the dry or wet flex resistance of leather and finishes applied to leather. It is applicable to all types of flexible leather below 3,0 mm in thickness.

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This document specifies a quantitative test method to determine 24 kinds of pesticide residues in leather by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).This document is applicable to all types of leather that could release pesticides

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This document specifies a thermal pre-ageing procedure for leather to obtain indications about the tendency to the formation of hexavalent chromium under specified conditions and the determination of hexavalent chromium according to ISO 17075‑1 or ISO 17075‑2.
This thermal pre-ageing procedure does not simulate any real condition in leather production or use.
It is applicable to all types of chromium tanned leather.

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This document specifies a chromatographic method to determine the amount of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) C10 to C13 in processed and unprocessed leathers.

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