77.080 - Ferrous metals
ICS 77.080 Details
Ferrous metals
Eisenwerkstoffe
Metaux ferreux
Železne kovine
General Information
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This document lists, under Clause 4, the European Standards which are currently available for the determination of the chemical composition of steels and cast irons.
In Clause 5, this document provides details on the range of application and gives the principle of the method described in each standard.
Items which are under preparation as European Standards or as CEN Technical Reports by ECISS/TC 102 are available on the webpage of CEN, through the following link: https://standards.cen.eu/dyn/www/f?p=204:22:0::::FSP_ORG_ID:733643&cs=123E58BF77E3DE921F548B80C5FF2E5D4.
Annex A gives a list of other European Standards and CEN Technical Reports applicable for the determination of the chemical composition of steels and cast irons.
Annex B gives a list of withdrawn Euronorms, together with the corresponding replacement European Standards, if any.
Annex C shows graphical representations of the content ranges of the methods listed in this document. Figure C.1 gives the content ranges of the referee methods, Figure C.2 gives the content ranges of the routine methods and Figure C.3 represents the fields of application of all the methods described.
Annex D provides a trilingual key of the abbreviations used in the Figures given in Annex C.
NOTE Three methods applicable for the analysis of some ferro-alloys are listed in Annex A.
- Technical report37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides information about cast iron materials so that users and designers are in a better position to understand cast iron as a design material in its own right and to correctly specify cast iron for suitable applications. This document suggests what can be achieved, and what is not achievable when cast irons are specified as well as the reasons why. It is not designed to be a textbook of cast iron metallurgy. It is intended to help people to choose the correct material for the right reasons and to also help to obviate the specification or expectation of unrealistic additional requirements, which are unlikely to be met and which can be detrimental to the intended application.
- Technical report62 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies methods for sampling and sample preparation for the determination of the
chemical composition of pig irons, cast irons and steels.
Methods are specified for both liquid and solid metal.
- Standard53 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft51 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for sampling and sample preparation for the determination of the chemical composition of pig irons, cast irons and steels.
Methods are specified for both liquid and solid metal.
- Standard53 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft51 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard1 pageEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft1 pageEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft1 pageEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies methods for sampling and sample preparation for the determination of the chemical composition of pig irons, cast irons and steels. Methods are specified for both liquid and solid metal.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard48 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of
copper in steel and cast iron.
The method is applicable to copper contents in the range of 0,003 % (mass fraction) to 3,0 % (mass
fraction).
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of the vanadium content in steel.
The method is applicable to vanadium contents between 0,01 % (mass fraction) and 0,80 % (mass fraction), provided that the tungsten content in a 1,0 g test portion is not higher than 1,0 % and/or the titanium content is not higher than 0,5 %.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This International Standard specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the
determination of the cobalt content in steel and iron.
The method is applicable to cobalt contents between 0,003 % (m/m) and 5,0 % (m/m).
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of copper in steel and cast iron.
The method is applicable to copper contents in the range of 0,003 % (mass fraction) to 3,0 % (mass fraction).
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of copper in steel and cast iron. The method is applicable to copper contents in the range of 0,003 % (mass fraction) to 3,0 % (mass fraction).
- Standard15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard16 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document presents a list of common practices in preparation methods of metallographic specimens for optical and scanning electron microscopy, including preliminary preparation, grinding and polishing of specimens as well as microstructure revelation methods covering the optical method, etching methods (chemical, electrolytic, constant potential, ion sputtering and high temperature relieving) and the interface layer method [1][2].
- Technical report17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines terms relating to methods of the determination of the chemical composition of steel and steel products.
- Technical specification48 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft48 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft48 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ISO 18203:2016 specifies a method of measuring the case hardening depth, surface hardening depth, nitriding hardness depth and total thickness of surface hardening depth obtained, e.g. thermal (flame and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical (carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of the vanadium content in steel.
The method is applicable to vanadium contents between 0,01 % (mass fraction) and 0,80 % (mass fraction), provided that the tungsten content in a 1,0 g test portion is not higher than 1,0 % and/or the titanium content is not higher than 0,5 %.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This International Standard specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for the
determination of the cobalt content in steel and iron.
The method is applicable to cobalt contents between 0,003 % (m/m) and 5,0 % (m/m).
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after
fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to carbon,
carbon manganese, molybdenum and chromium molybdenum steels within the tensile strength range
300 N/mm2 to 700 N/mm2 and in the hot-rolled, hot-rolled and normalized or annealed conditions, with
or without tempering.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25 S0 or where the width to
thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft38 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after
fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to austenitic
stainless steels within the tensile strength range 450 to 750 N/mm2 and in the solution treated
condition.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) non-austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25 0S or where the width to
thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for the determination of the low carbon content in unalloyed steel.
The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,000 3 % (mass fraction) and 0,009 % (mass fraction).
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the method for the verification of models for the determination of the property data of steels and the validation of the modelling process. It is applicable where modelling of mechanical or physical properties is used to substitute conventional testing for specific inspection. Models can be based on statistical data, thermo-physical data or indirect measurement (e.g. measurement of magnetic or ultrasonic data), or a combination of these methods.
This document applies only for providing the properties of rolled and/or heat-treated products such as plates, sheets, strip, sections and bars.
This document is used to demonstrate the ability of the model to supply property data which is equivalent to data, measured by conventional testing.
Any self-learning system is excluded from the scope.
NOTE A self-learning, in the spirit of an auto-adaptive model, is a model which changes its internal parameters by itself.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for
the determination of the low carbon content in unalloyed steel.
The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,000 3 % (mass fraction) and 0,009 % (mass
fraction).
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the method for the verification and validation of models for the determination of the property data of steels. It is applicable where modelling of mechanical or physical properties is used to substitute conventional testing for specific inspection. Models can
be based on statistical data, thermo-physical data or indirect measurement (e.g. measurement of magnetic or ultrasonic data).
This document applies only for verification and validation of models for providing the properties of rolled or heat treated products such as plates, sheets, strip, sections, bars, etc.
This document is used to demonstrate the ability of the model to supply property data which is equivalent to data, which is measured by conventional testing.
NOTE: Validation of models is part of auditing the quality management system performed by an independent body.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft15 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies an infrared absorption method after combustion in an induction furnace for the determination of the low carbon content in unalloyed steel. The method is applicable to carbon contents between 0,000 3 % (mass fraction) and 0,009 % (mass fraction).
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard15 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft15 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a potentiometric titration method for the determination of vanadium in steel and cast iron.
The method is applicable to vanadium contents between 0,04 % (mass fraction) and 2 % (mass fraction).
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides guidance for calculating the CO2 intensity at steel plants with all types of process routes, by defining the boundary, CO2 emission factors and the intermediate products for which upstream emissions are considered for all types of process routes. In particular, this document provides guidance applicable to the ISO 14404 series to the types of steel plants listed below. This document also includes the Universal Calculation Sheet, which covers all relevant emission sources from ISO 14404-1, ISO 14404-2 and ISO 14404-3 to assist the calculation of CO2 emissions. i. Steel plants with different process routes from ISO 14404-1, ISO 14404-2 and ISO 14404-3 (7.2.1) ii. Steel plants with more than one process route (7.2.2) iii. Steel plants purchasing pig iron from the outside (7.2.3) iv. Steel plants and rerollers purchasing part or all of crude steel from outside (7.2.4) Moreover, this document provides additional guidance to the entire ISO 14404 series for the following topics. a) Evaluation of exported slags b) Evaluation of by-product gas c) Evaluation of stock d) Selection of calorific values and emission factors for electricity and fuel Conversion to energy consumption and to consumption efficiency can be obtained using Annex A. While the use of the calculation result is outside the scope of this document, appropriate applications and inappropriate application are recommended in Annex B.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
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This document specifies an order for listing elements within the chemical composition of steels and most other iron-based alloys, excluding foundry irons. NOTE This document has been developed and is used by ISO/TC 17/SC 4, but can also be used by other ISO/TC 17 subcommittees.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a gravimetric method for the determination of the silicon content in steel and cast iron.
The method is applicable to silicon contents between 0,10 % (mass fraction) and 5,0 % {mass fraction).
NOTE For samples containing molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium or high levels of chromium, the results are less accurate than for unalloyed matrixes.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a potentiometric titration method for the determination of vanadium in steel
and cast iron.
The method is applicable to vanadium contents between 0,04 % (mass fraction) and 2 % (mass fraction).
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a potentiometric titration method for the determination of vanadium in steel and cast iron. The method is applicable to vanadium contents between 0,04 % (mass fraction) and 2 % (mass fraction).
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document defines the grades and the corresponding requirements for ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons. This document specifies five grades of ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron by a classification based on mechanical properties determined on machined test pieces prepared from: — separately cast samples, side-by-side cast or cast-on samples; — samples cut from a casting. This document also specifies two grades by a classification as a function of hardness.
- Standard34 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard34 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
1 Scope This document specifies the properties of unalloyed and low-alloyed grey cast irons used for castings that have been manufactured in sand moulds or in moulds with comparable thermal behaviour. This document specifies the characterizing properties of grey cast irons by any of the following: a) the tensile strength of cast samples; b) if agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the tensile strength of samples cut from a casting; c) if agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the hardness of the material determined on castings or on a cast-on knob. If agreed by the manufacturer and the purchaser, the combination of tensile strength from option a) or option b) and plus hardness from option c) can be specified. Information on specifying a combination of tensile strength and hardness is given in Annex B. This document specifies eight grades of grey cast iron according to tensile strength (see Table 1) and six grades of grey cast iron according to Brinell hardness (see Table 2). This document does not apply to grey cast irons used for pipes and pipe fittings and continuous cast products. This document does not cover technical delivery conditions for grey iron castings. NOTE General information on the engineering properties of grey cast irons is provided in ISO/TR 10809-1.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
EN-ISO 439 specifies a gravimetric method for the determination of the silicon content in steels and cast irons. The method is applicable to silicon contents between 0,10 % (mass fraction) and 5, 0 % {mass fraction).
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
EN-ISO 643 specifies a micrographic method of determining apparent ferritic oraustenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grainboundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal sizedistribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographicsectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, tothe maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grainsizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistentgrain size.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of the vanadium content in steel. The method is applicable to vanadium contents between 0,01 % (mass fraction) and 0,80 % (mass fraction), provided that the tungsten content in a 1,0 g test portion is not higher than 1,0 % and/or the titanium content is not higher than 0,5 %.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard16 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a gravimetric method for the determination of the silicon content in steel and cast iron. The method is applicable to silicon contents between 0,10 % (mass fraction) and 5,0 % {mass fraction). NOTE For samples containing molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, zirconium or high levels of chromium, the results are less accurate than for unalloyed matrixes.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard11 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Amendment9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Amendment7 pagesGerman languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft4 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this document is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular application.
The particular material grades are specified mainly by mechanical properties and, in the case of austenitic and abrasion resistant cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the requirements specified in the relevant material standard.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document defines grades and the corresponding requirements for malleable cast irons.
This document specifies five grades of whiteheart malleable cast iron and nine grades of blackheart malleable cast iron, based on mechanical properties measured on cast samples (which are test pieces).
This document specifies Brinell hardness values determined only when these values are requested by the purchaser.
This document does not cover technical delivery conditions for malleable cast iron castings. Reference should be made to EN 1559 1 [3] and EN 1559 3 [4].
This document does not cover chemical composition, except phosphorus (see Clause 6).
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by
comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this document is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It
is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular
application.
The particular material grades are specified mainly by mechanical properties and, in the case of
austenitic and abrasion resistant cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation
of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the
requirements specified in the relevant material standard.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of calcium content in non-alloy and low alloy steels.
The method is applicable to calcium contents between 0,000 4 % and 0,012 %.
The method can be adapted to higher calcium contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 are still met.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a flame atomic absorption spectrometric method (FAAS) for the determination of lead content in non-alloy and low alloy steels.
The method is applicable to lead contents between 0,005 % and 0,5 %.
The method can be adapted to lower or higher lead contents by changing the test portion or the dilution process, provided the criteria in 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 are still met.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This Working Draft specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method for the determination of the chromium content (mass fraction) between 5,0 % (m/m) and 27,0 % (m/m) in alloyed steels.
The method doesn't apply to alloyed steels having niobium and/or tungsten contents higher than 0,1 %.
- Technical report17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by comparative visual analysis. The purpose of this document is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular application. The particular material grades are specified mainly by mechanical properties and, in the case of austenitic and abrasion resistant cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the requirements specified in the relevant material standard.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard33 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric method for the determination of the chromium content (mass fraction) between 5,0 % (m/m) and 27,0 % (m/m) in alloyed steels.
The method doesn't apply to alloyed steels having carbon contents higher than 1 % and niobium and/or tungsten contents higher than 0,1 %.
- Technical report17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrogen in steel.
The method is applicable to the determination of nitrogen mass fraction between 0,000 6 % and 0,050 % in low alloy steels and between 0,010 % and 0,050 % in high alloy steels.
The method does not apply to samples containing silicon nitrides or having silicon contents higher than 0,6 %.
- Standard22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for evaluating nodularity in spheroidal graphite cast irons by comparative visual analysis and image analysis techniques. This document provides figures for different levels of nodularity and graphite particle count of spheroidal graphite cast irons for visual analysis.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This European Standard defines the grades and the corresponding requirements for spheroidal graphite cast irons.
This European Standard specifies 2 groups of spheroidal graphite cast iron grades by a classification based on mechanical properties measured on machined test pieces prepared from cast samples. The first group deals mainly with ferritic to pearlitic grades. The second group deals with solid-solution strengthened ferritic grades.
This European Standard does not cover technical delivery conditions for iron castings (see EN 1559 1 [3] and EN 1559 3 [4]).
This European Standard does not cover:
- ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons which are specified in EN 1564 [7];
- low alloyed ferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons which are specified in EN 16124 [8];
- continuous cast iron bars which are specified in EN 16482 [7];
- austenitic cast irons which are specified in EN 13835 [8];
- spheroidal graphite cast irons used for pipes, fittings and their joints which are the subject of EN 545 [11], EN 598 [12] and EN 969 [13];
- the grades of spheroidal graphite cast irons as specified in EN 545 which are used for products such as industrial valves, non-industrial manually operated shut-off valves and flanges and their joints, which are the subject of the applicable European product standards.
- Standard47 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
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- Draft49 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives guidelines for the determination of the chemical composition of steel and iron by reference to published International Standards, including their range of application and principles of the methods. Graphical representation of the precision data precision data for the methods is given in Annex A. The list of International Standards is summarized in Annex B.
- Technical report84 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This European Standard applies to welded wrought steel enclosures pressurised with dry air, inert gases, for example sulphur hexafluoride or nitrogen or a mixture of such gases, used in indoor and outdoor installations of high-voltage switchgear and controlgear with rated voltages above 1kV, where the gas is used principally for its dielectric and/or arc-quenching properties with rated voltages.
- above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV and with gas-filled compartments with design pressure higher than 300 kPa relative pressure (gauge);
- and with rated voltage above 52 kV.
The enclosures comprise parts of electrical equipment not necessarily limited to the following examples:
- circuit-breakers;
- switch-disconnectors;
- disconnectors;
- earthing switches;
- current transformers;
- voltage transformers;
- surge arrestors;
- busbars and connections;
- etc.
The scope also covers enclosures of pressurized components such as the centre chamber of live tank switchgear, gas-insulated current transformers, etc.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The present Technical Report gives guidance regarding the chemical composition controls of steels (except chrome plated products) and cast irons in respect of the European legislation, namely Directives 2011/65/EU (RoHS) [1], repealing 2002/95/EU, the Commission Delegated Directive EU 2015/863 amending Annex II to Directive 2011/65/EU [10] and 2000/53/EC (ELV) [2].
These Directives require the characterization of these materials for Cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)), mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and the four phthalates DEHP, BBP DBP and DIBP. Nevertheless, the Directives do not reflect the correspondence between these elements/compounds and the normal composition of each material concerned. In other words, for every material there is an obligation to determine all the compounds listed, independently of the relevance of such controls.
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