SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
01-maj-2017
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
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Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Tests
for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the
probability of condensation prior to paint application (ISO 8502-4:2017)
Vorbereitung von Stahloberflächen vor dem Auftragen von Beschichtungsstoffen -
Prüfungen zum Beurteilen der Oberflächenreinheit - Teil 4: Anleitung zum Abschätzen
der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Taubildung vor dem Beschichten (ISO 8502-4:2017)
Préparation des subjectiles d'acier avant application de peintures et de produits
assimilés - Essais pour apprécier la propreté d'une surface - Partie 4: Principes
directeurs pour l'estimation de la probabilité de condensation avant application de
peinture (ISO 8502-4:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ICS:
25.220.10 Priprava površine Surface preparation
87.020 Postopki za nanašanje Paint coating processes
barvnih premazov
SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017


EN ISO 8502-4
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

February 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 25.220.10 Supersedes EN ISO 8502-4:1999
English Version

Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints
and related products - Tests for the assessment of surface
cleanliness - Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the
probability of condensation prior to paint application (ISO
8502-4:2017)
Préparation des subjectiles d'acier avant application de Vorbereitung von Stahloberflächen vor dem Auftragen
peintures et de produits assimilés - Essais pour von Beschichtungsstoffen - Prüfungen zum Beurteilen
apprécier la propreté d'une surface - Partie 4: der Oberflächenreinheit - Teil 4: Anleitung zum
Principes directeurs pour l'estimation de la probabilité Abschätzen der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Taubildung
de condensation avant application de peinture (ISO vor dem Beschichten (ISO 8502-4:2017)
8502-4:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 September 2016.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 8502-4:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
EN ISO 8502-4:2017 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

2

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
EN ISO 8502-4:2017 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 8502-4:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35 "Paints
and varnishes" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 139 “Paints and varnishes” the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2017, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 8502-4:1999.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 8502-4:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 8502-4:2017 without any
modification.


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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8502-4
Second edition
2017-01
Preparation of steel substrates before
application of paints and related
products — Tests for the assessment
of surface cleanliness —
Part 4:
Guidance on the estimation of the
probability of condensation prior to
paint application
Préparation des subjectiles d’acier avant application de peintures
et de produits assimilés — Essais pour apprécier la propreté d’une
surface —
Partie 4: Principes directeurs pour l’estimation de la probabilité de
condensation avant application de peinture
Reference number
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
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Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Probability of condensation . 1
4 Instruments . 2
5 Procedure. 3
6 Test report . 3
Annex A (informative) Table for determination of dew-point . 5
Bibliography .26
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i so .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee
SC 12, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8502-4:1993), which has been technically
revised with the following changes:
a) normative references have been updated;
b) mercury thermometer has been replaced by thermometer in Clause 4 a);
c) additional information is given in the note to Clause 4 b);
d) combined instrument described in Clause 4 d);
e) notes on instrument properties have been added in Clause 4;
f) in 5.2, “at a given atmospheric pressure” has been added to read “Their parameters are air
temperature and relative humidity at a given atmospheric pressure”;
g) in 5.3, it has been added that non-contact thermometers should not be used;
h) 5.4 has been changed to account for the definition of high and low risk of condensation given in
Clause 3;
i) description of the procedure with combined instruments has been added in 5.5.
j) a reference to the formula used in Annex A has been added.
ISO 8502 consists of the following parts, under the general title Preparation of steel substrates before
application of paints and related products — Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness:
— Part 2: Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned surfaces
— Part 3: Assessment of dust on steel surfaces prepared for painting (pressure-sensitive tape method)
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
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— Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to paint application
— Part 5: Measurement of chloride on steel surfaces prepared for painting (ion detection tube method)
— Part 6: Extraction of soluble contaminants for analysis — The Bresle method
— Part 9: Field method for the conductometric determination of water-soluble salts
— Part 11: Field method for the turbidimetric determination of water-soluble sulfate
— Part 12: Field method for the titrimetric determination of water-soluble ferrous ions
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)

Introduction
The performance of protective coatings of paint and related products applied to steel is significantly
affected by the state of the steel surface immediately prior to painting. The principal factors that are
known to influence this performance are as follows:
a) presence of rust and mill scale;
b) presence of surface contaminants, including salts, dust, oils and greases;
c) surface profile.
The ISO 8501, ISO 8502 and ISO 8503 series of International Standards have been prepared to provide
methods of assessing these factors, while the ISO 8504 series provides guidance on the preparation
methods that are available for cleaning steel substrates, indicating the capabilities of each in attaining
specified levels of cleanliness.
These series of International Standards do not contain recommendations for the protective coating
systems to be applied to the steel surface. Neither do they contain recommendations for the surface
quality requirements for specific situations even though surface quality can have a direct influence on
the choice of protective coating to be applied and on its performance. Such recommendations are found
in other documents such as national standards and codes of practice. It will be necessary for the users
of these International Standards to ensure that the qualities specified are
— compatible and appropriate both for the environmental conditions to which the steel will be exposed
and for the protective coating system to be used, and
— within the capability of the cleaning procedure specified.
The four series of International Standards referred to above deal with the following aspects of
preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products:
— ISO 8501 on visual assessment of surface cleanliness;
— ISO 8502 on tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness;
— ISO 8503 on surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates;
— ISO 8504 on surface preparation methods.
Each of these International Standards is in turn divided into separate parts.
Some paints (but not all) require dry surfaces when being applied to steel structures. Thin films of
condensed water on steel surfaces are mostly invisible. It is therefore important to have a method by
which the probability of condensation can be estimated prior to the application of paint.
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8502-4:2017(E)
Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints
and related products — Tests for the assessment of surface
cleanliness —
Part 4:
Guidance on the estimation of the probability of
condensation prior to paint application
1 Scope
This part of ISO 8502 gives guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation on a surface to
be painted. It may be used to establish whether conditions at the job site are suitable for painting or not.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8601, Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of dates
and times
3 Probability of condensation
The relative humidity of the air and the steel surface temperature are the basis for the estimation of
the probability of condensation, but there is no simple rule to employ. The situation is complex because
there are a multitude of factors which have an influence on the condensation and evaporation of
moisture, such as
— heat conductance of the structure,
— solar radiation on the surface,
— flow of ambient air around the structure, and
— contamination by hygroscopic substances on the surface.
These factors sometimes provoke wetting or prevent drying locally on the surface, e.g. where the
surface temperature remains low or tends to fall due to heat losses or where the air becomes quickly
saturated due to reduced ventilation. Naturally, the same factors sometimes have the opposite effect.
Therefore, any test results should be interpreted with the greatest care.
Unless otherwise agreed, the steel surface temperature should generally be at least 3 °C above the dew-
point when paints are used.
NOTE 1 For paints that are tolerant to moisture on the surface, a temperature difference less than 3 °C might
be acceptable.
Other temperature differences may be specified by the paint manufacturer or agreed by the interested
parties.
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)

If the difference between the surface temperature and the dew-point is below or will fall below the
required and/or agreed minimum, the probability of condensation should be considered as being “high”.
If the difference is above and will remain above the required and/or agreed minimum, the probability
of condensation should be considered as being “low”.
It is important to judge whether a temperature drop, sufficient to cause condensation, is likely to occur
during the critical period. Table 1 may be used to help with this determination.
If the relative humidity is 85 % or higher, then painting should be judged critically as the dew-point is a
maximum of 2,5 °C away.
If the relative humidity is high (92 % or dew-point 1,3 °C away), painting should only be considered
if conditions can be confidently expected to remain static or improve during the application and
drying period.
NOTE 2 This period is usually approximately 6 h.
If the relative humidity is apparently satisfactory (for example, 80 % or dew-point 3,4 °C away), the
environmental conditions over an appropriate time period ahead, often about 6 h, should still be
considered in order to ascertain that dew conditions will not occur.
4 Instruments
The following instruments should be used, although instruments other than those described may be
used provided that they have an equivalent or greater accuracy.
a) For air temperature measurements, thermometers accurate to ±0,5 °C.
b) For air humidity measurements, any of the following instruments.
1) Aspirated psychrometers and whirling (sling) hygrometers, including tables for calculation of
humidity (see ISO 4677-1 and ISO 4677-2, respectively), accurate to ±3 % RH.
NOTE 1 The aspirated psychrometer is the reference instrument type according to the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO).
2) Digital electronic hygrometers based on measurement of capacitance change of polymer films,
accurate to ±3 % RH and capable of operating at any relative humidity in the range 0 % RH to
100 % RH and at any temperature in the range −40 °C to +80 °C.
3) Digital electronic hygrometers based on measuring the resistance change in a salt bridge,
accurate to ±2 % RH and capable of operating at any relative humidity in the range 0 % RH to
97 % RH and at any temperature in the range 0 °C to 70 °C.
Due to the sensitivity to hysteresis, electronic dew point gauges should be handled according to
manufacturer specifications and the probability for hysteresis should be prevented to maintain
correct results. The probe should, for example, not be exposed to large temperature/humidity
variations. Condensation on the sensor surface may give offset reading in the order of 10 %, for
some sensor types lasting for days.
NOTE 2 Hygrometers are sensitive to contamination; salts or other substances adsorbing moisture will
cause erroneous readings.
NOTE 3 Hygrometers require calibration; some types, as sensors using a salt bridge, more often than others.
c) For surface temperature measurements, digital electronic thermometers, accurate to ±0,5 °C.
Magnetic surface thermometers may be used provided that they have the required accuracy and
are left on the surface for sufficient time to reach the surface temperature.
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)

d) Digital electronic instruments measuring air temperature, surface temperature and humidity,
capable of calculating the dew point, as well as the difference between the air temperature and the
dew point.
5 Procedure
5.1 Using the instruments described in Clause 4 a) and Clause 4 b), measure the air temperature to the
nearest 0,5 °C and the relative humidity.
5.2 Calculate the dew-point, which is a logarithmic function of the vapour pressure at the actual
temperature. There are tables or charts from which the dew-point can be determined. Their parameters
are air temperature and relative humidity at a given atmospheric pressure. Such a table is given in
Annex A. Commercial dew-point calculators of sufficient accuracy may also be used.
Table 1 — Temperature drop needed for condensation to occur, as a function of the relative
humidity
Relative humidity, % 98 95 92 90 85 80
Temperature drop, °C 0,3 0,8 1,3 1,6 2,5 3,4
NOTE The figures are mean values for air temperatures from 0 °C to 35 °C. For a given air temperature, more accurate
figures can be obtained from Annex A.
5.3 Using the instrument described in Clause 4 c), measure the steel surface temperature. Take at
2
least one temperature measurement for every 10 m of the surface and adopt the lowest measured
temperature in calculating the dew point. Non-contact thermometers (IR-thermometers) should not be
used to measure surface temperature due to interference with the surrounding air.
When selecting locations for temperature measurements, any variation in the thickness of the steel and
the effect of shade should be considered.
NOTE Some digital electronic hygrometers also measure the air temperature and calculate the dew-point
temperature automatically.
5.4 Estimate the minimum surface temperature (above the dew-point) that is needed to obtain a “low”
risk of condensation under the prevailing environmental conditions, see Clause 3.
5.5 If using a combined instrument described in Clause 4 d), points 5.1 to 5.4. shall be replaced by the
following procedure: Read the dew point, calculate or read the difference between the dew point and the
surface temperature and check if risks for condensation are considered “low” or “high”, see Clause 3.
6 Test report
The test report shall include the following:
a) a reference to this part of ISO 8502, i.e. ISO 8502-4;
b) the date of carrying out the measurements (including the day and hour), expressed in accordance
with ISO 8601;
c) a description of the instruments used;
d) the calculated dew-point;
e) the measured steel surface temperature;
f) the difference between the steel surface temperature and the dew-point;
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)

g) the minimum temperature difference needed to avoid condensation;
h) any unusual features (anomalies) observed during the test;
i) an estimate of the probability of condensation as being “high” or “low”.
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)

Annex A
(informative)

Table for determination of dew-point
Table A.1 gives the dew-point temperature, t , as a function of the air temperature, t, and the relative
d
humidity, RH.
The following instructions are given for the use of Table A.1.
— Enter the table at values of relative humidity which straddle the actual (measured) value.
— Enter the table at values of air temperature which straddle the actual (measured) value.
— Identify the corresponding four intersection values of dew-point temperature, make a linear
interpolation in two steps and round off to 0,1 °C.
The values given in Table A.1 are computed from the following formula, derived from an approximate
[3]
formula known as the Magnus formula , valid for t ≥ 0 °C and 101 kPa air pressure.
234,,175+tRln0011+ln Ht+ 7,08085
()()
t =×234,175
d
234,,175×17 080085−+234,,175 tRln001+ln H
()()
NOTE As can be seen from the formula, t is a comparatively simple function of two variables, t and RH. This
d
function therefore lends itself to calculations by use of an ordinary scientific programmable calculator. Such a
calculator, including its programme, can be regarded as being equivalent to the table. It is superior to the table in
that it presents without interpolation a direct reading of the dew-point temperature. In addition, a small pocket-
type calculator is usually easier to manipulate on site than a comprehensive table covering several A4 format
pages. To make sure that the calculator is properly programmed, put in any tabulated pair of t-and RH-values and
compare the result with the corresponding value of t in the table.
d
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)

Table A.1 — Dew-point temperature t as a function of the air temperature t and the relative
d
humidity RH at 101 kPa air pressure
Relative humidity Air temperature, t (°C)
RH (%)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 -49,7 -49,1 -48,5 -47,9 -47,3 -46,6 -46,0 -45,4 -44,8 -44,2
2 -43,6 -43,0 -42,3 -41,7 -41,0 -40,3 -39,7 -39,0 -38,4 -37,7
3 -39,9 -39,2 -38,5 -37,8 -37,1 -36,5 -35,8 -35,1 -34,4 -33,7
4 -37,1 -36,4 -35,7 -35,0 -34,3 -33,6 -32,9 -32,2 -31,5 -30,8
5 -34,9 -34,2 -33,5 -32,8 -32,1 -31,3 -30,6 -29,9 -29,2 -28,5
6 -33,1 -32,4 -31,6 -30,9 -30,2 -29,4 -28,7 -28,0 -27,2 -26,5
7 -31,5 -30,8 -30,1 -29,3 -28,6 -27,8 -27,1 -26,3 -25,6 -24,8
8 -30,2 -29,4 -28,7 -27,9 -27,1 -26,4 -25,6 -24,9 -24,1 -23,4
9 -28,9 -28,2 -27,4 -26,6 -25,9 -25,1 -24,3 -23,6 -22,8 -22,1
10 -27,8 -27,0 -26,3 -25,5 -24,7 -23,9 -23,2 -22,4 -21,6 -20,9
11 -26,8 -26,0 -25,2 -24,4 -23,7 -22,9 -22,1 -21,3 -20,5 -19,8
12 -25,9 -25,1 -24,3 -23,5 -22,7 -21,9 -21,1 -20,3 -19,6 -18,8
13 -25,0 -24,2 -23,4 -22,6 -21,8 -21,0 -20,2 -19,4 -18,6 -17,8
14 -24,2 -23,4 -22,6 -21,8 -21,0 -20,2 -19,4 -18,6 -17,8 -17,0
15 -23,4 -22,6 -21,8 -21,0 -20,2 -19,4 -18,6 -17,8 -17,0 -16,1
16 -22,7 -21,9 -21,1 -20,2 -19,4 -18,6 -17,8 -17,0 -16,2 -15,4
17 -22,0 -21,2 -20,4 -19,6 -18,7 -17,9 -17,1 -16,3 -15,5 -14,6
18 -21,4 -20,5 -19,7 -18,9 -18,1 -17,2 -16,4 -15,6 -14,8 -14,0
19 -20,8 -19,9 -19,1 -18,3 -17,4 -16,6 -15,8 -15,0 -14,1 -13,3
20 -20,2 -19,3 -18,5 -17,7 -16,8 -16,0 -15,2 -14,3 -13,5 -12,7
21 -19,6 -18,8 -17,9 -17,1 -16,3 -15,4 -14,6 -13,7 -12,9 -12,1
22 -19,1 -18,2 -17,4 -16,5 -15,7 -14,9 -14,0 -13,2 -12,3 -11,5
23 -18,6 -17,7 -16,9 -16,0 -15,2 -14,3 -13,5 -12,6 -11,8 -10,9
24 -18,1 -17,2 -16,4 -15,5 -14,7 -13,8 -13,0 -12,1 -11,3 -10,4
25 -17,6 -16,7 -15,9 -15,0 -14,2 -13,3 -12,5 -11,6 -10,8 -9,9
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017
ISO 8502-4:2017(E)

Table A.1 (continued)
Relative humidity Air temperature, t (°C)
RH (%)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
26 -17,1 -16,3 -15,4 -14,5 -13,7 -12,8 -12,0 -11,1 -10,3 -9,4
27 -16,7 -15,8 -14,9 -14,1 -13,2 -12,4 -11,5 -10,6 -9,8 -8,9
28 -16,2 -15,4 -14,5 -13,6 -12,8 -11,9 -11,1 -10,2 -9,3 -8,5
29 -15,8 -15,0 -14,1 -13,2 -12,4 -11,5 -10,6 -9,8 -8,9 -8,0
30 -15,4 -14,5 -13,7 -12,8 -11,9 -11,1 -10,2 -9,3 -8,5 -7,6
31 -15,0 -14,2 -13,3 -12,4 -11,5 -10,7 -9,8 -8,9 -8,0 -7,2
32 -14,6 -13,8 -12,9 -12,0 -11,1 -10,3 -9,4 -8,5 -7,6 -6,8
33 -14,3 -13,4 -12,5 -11,6 -10,7 -9,9 -9,0 -8,1 -7,2 -6,4
34 -13,9 -13,0 -12,1 -11,3 -10,4 -9,5 -8,6 -7,7 -6,8 -6,0
35 -13,6 -12,7 -11,8 -10,9 -10,0 -9,1 -8,2 -7,4 -6,5 -5,6
36 -13,2 -12,3 -11,4 -10,5 -9,7 -8,8 -7,9 -7,0 -6,1 -5,2
37 -12,9 -12,0 -11,1 -10,2 -9,3 -8,4 -7,5 -6,6 -5,8 -4,9
38 -12,6 -11,7 -10,8 -9,9 -9,0 -8,1 -7,2 -6,3 -5,4 -4,5
39 -12,2 -11,3 -10,4 -9,5 -8,6 -7,7 -6,9 -6,0 -5,1 -4,2
40 -11,9 -11,0 -10,1 -9,2 -8,3 -7,4 -6,5 -5,6 -4,7 -3,8
41 -11,6 -10,7 -9,8 -8,
...