Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 5: Risk assessment for repetitive handling at high frequency

This European Standard presents guidance to the designer of machinery or its component parts and the writer of type C standards in assessing and controlling health and safety risks due to machine-related repetitive handling at high frequency.
This European Standard specifies reference data for action frequency of the upper limbs during machinery operation, and it presents a risk assessment method intended for risk reduction option analysis.
This European Standard applies to machinery for professional operation by the healthy adult working population. This European Standard is not applicable for repetitive movements and related risks of the neck, back and lower limbs.

Sicherheit von Maschinen - Menschliche körperliche Leistung - Teil 5: Risikobeurteilung für kurzzyklische Tätigkeiten bei hohen Handhabungsfrequenzen

Diese Europäische Norm bietet Leitlinien für den Konstrukteur von Maschinen oder Maschinenteilen und den Autor von C-Normen hinsichtlich der Bewertung und Beherrschung von Gesundheits- und Sicherheitsrisiken, die durch maschinenbezogene repetitive Tätigkeiten bei hohen Handhabungsfrequenzen entstehen.
In dieser Norm werden Referenzdaten für die Betätigungssfrequenz der oberen Gliedmaßen während der Bedienung von Maschinen festgelegt, und es wird ein Verfahren zur Risikobeurteilung vorgestellt, das für die Analyse der Möglichkeiten einer Risikominderung vorgesehen ist.
Diese Norm gilt für Maschinen für die berufsmäßige Bedienung durch die gesunde erwachsene Arbeitsbevölkerung. Diese Norm gilt nicht für Haltungen des Oberarms über Schulterhöhe.
Die Festlegungen in diesem Dokument sind nicht auf Maschinen anwendbar, die vor dem Datum der Veröffentlichung dieses Dokuments durch CEN hergestellt wurden.

Sécurité des machines - Performance physique humaine - Partie 5: Appréciation du risque relatif a la manipulation répétitive a fréquence élevée

La présente Norme européenne présente au concepteur de machines ou de leurs éléments, ainsi qu'au rédacteur de normes de type C, un principe directeur permettant d'apprécier et de prévenir les risques pour la santé et la sécurité dus a une manipulation répétitive, a fréquence élevée, impliquant l’utilisation de machines.
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les éléments de référence relatifs a la fréquence des actions des membres supérieurs au cours de l’utilisation des machines et présente une méthode d’appréciation des risques destinée a l’analyse des options de réduction des risques.
La présente Norme européenne s’applique aux machines a usage professionnel utilisées par la population active adulte en bonne santé. Elle ne s’applique pas aux mouvements répétitifs, ni aux risques associés pour le cou, le dos et les membres inférieurs.

Varnost strojev - Človeške fizične zmogljivosti - 5. del: Ocena tveganja rokovanja z veliko pogostostjo ponavljanja

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
17-Jul-2007
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
04-Jul-2007
Due Date
08-Sep-2007
Completion Date
18-Jul-2007

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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 5: Risk assessment for repetitive handling at high frequencySécurité des machines - Performance physique humaine - Partie 5: Appréciation du risque relatif a la manipulation répétitive a fréquence élevéeSicherheit von Maschinen - Menschliche körperliche Leistung - Teil 5: Risikobeurteilung für kurzzyklische Tätigkeiten bei hohen HandhabungsfrequenzenTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1005-5:2007SIST EN 1005-5:2007en,fr,de13.180ErgonomijaErgonomics13.110Varnost strojevSafety of machineryICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1005-5:200701-september-2007







EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 1005-5February 2007ICS 13.110; 13.180 English VersionSafety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 5:Risk assessment for repetitive handling at high frequencySécurité des machines - Performance physique humaine -Partie 5: Appréciation du risque relatif à la manipulationrépétitive à fréquence élevéeSicherheit von Maschinen - Menschliche körperlicheLeistung - Teil 5: Risikobeurteilung für kurzzyklischeTätigkeiten bei hohen HandhabungsfrequenzenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 December 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1005-5:2007: E



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.4 Introduction.5 1 Scope.6 2 Normative references.6 3 Terms and definitions.6 4 Abbreviations.7 5 Requirements.8 5.1 The application of standards relevant to this document.8 5.2 General aspects.8 5.3 Risk assessment.9 5.3.1 General.9 5.3.2 Hazard identification.11 5.3.3 Risk estimation and simple evaluation of machinery related repetitive handling at high frequency (Method 1).12 5.3.4 Detailed risk evaluation of machinery related repetitive handling at high frequency: risk reduction and risk reduction option analysis (Method 2).13 6 Verification.17 7 Information for use.18 Annex A (informative)
Identification of technical action.19 A.1 General.19 A.2 Examples for identifying and counting technical actions.22 A.2.1 Example 1: Pick and place (Tables A.2 and A.3).22 A.2.2 Example 2: Pick and place with transfer from one hand to the other and with visual inspection (Table A.4).22 A.2.3 Example 3: Pick and place while transporting a load (Table A.5).23 A.2.4 Example 4: Cyclical use of a tool with repeated and identical actions (Table A.6).24 A.2.5 Example 5: Technical actions not carried out in every cycle (Table A.7).24 Annex B (informative)
Posture and types of movements.26 Annex C (informative)
Force.31 C.1 General.31 C.1.1 Introduction.31 C.1.2 Procedure 1 – A biomechanical approach based on user group strength distributions.31 C.2 Procedure 2 – A psychophysical approach using the CR-10 Borg scale.33 Annex D (informative)
Association between the OCRA index and the occurrence of Upper Limbs Work-related Musculo-Skeletal Disorders (UL-WMSDs): criteria for the classification of results and forecast models.34 D.1 General.34 D.2 OCRA Index values, exposure areas and consequent actions.37 Annex E (informative)
Influence of recovery periods pattern and work time duration in determining the overall number of reference technical actions within a shift (RTA) and, consequently, the OCRA index.39 Annex F (informative)
An application example of risk reduction in a mono-task analysis.41 F.1 Foreword.41 F.2 General: technical characteristics of the task.41 F.3 Hazard identification.43



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 3 F.4 Method 1.43 F.5 Method 2.43 F.5.1 Description of awkward postures and movements and evaluation of the corresponding Posture multiplier (PoM).43 F.5.2 Repetitiveness multiplier (ReM).46 F.5.3 Evaluation of average force level and the corresponding Force Multiplier (FoM).46 F.5.4 Determination of the Recovery period multiplier (RcM) and the Duration multiplier (DuM).47 F.5.5 Computation of reference technical actions per minute (RF).48 F.5.6 Computation of the OCRA index.48 F.5.7 OCRA index calculation for mono task analysis when the repetitive task duration should be assessed.48 F.5.8 Solutions to reduce the risk level.50 Annex G (informative)
Definition and quantification of additional risk factors.58 Annex H (informative)
Risk assessment by Method 2 when designing “multitask” jobs.60 H.1 OCRA index calculation when two or more repetitive tasks should be assessed.60 H.2 An application example: assessing repetitive tasks at a machine.61 H.2.1 Description of characteristics of two tasks.61 H.2.2 Definition of the corresponding multipliers.62 H.2.3 Mono- task analysis separately for task A and B: computation of the overall number Actual Technical Actions (ATA) in task A (Table H.3) and task B (Table H.4).62 H.2.4 Mono- task analysis: computation of the overall number of reference technical actions within a shift (RTA) in task A (Table H.5) and task B (Table H.6).65 H.2.5 Mono- task analysis: computation of the OCRA index in task A (Table H.5) and task B (Table H.6).65 H.3 Multi-tasks analysis.67 H.3.1 Computation of the overall number of Actual Technical Actions (ATA) in task A and task B (Table H.7).67 H.3.2 Computation of the overall number of reference technical actions (RTA) in task A and task B (Table H.7).68 H.3.3 Computation of the overall number of reference technical actions within a shift in task A and task B (Table H.7).69 H.4 Conclusion.70 Bibliography.71



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 1005-5:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2007. As a result of the assessment of the CEN consultant the standard will be published a non-harmonized standard (no reference to Machinery directive and no publication in the Official Journal of EC). EN 1005 consists of the following Parts, under the general title Safety of machinery — Human physical performance:  Part 1: Terms and definitions (harmonized standard);  Part 2: Manual handling of machinery and component parts of machinery (harmonized standard);  Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery operation (harmonized standard);  Part 4 : Evaluation of working postures and movements in relation to machinery (harmonized standard);  Part 5: Risk assessment for repetitive handling at high frequency (non-harmonized standard). According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 5 Introduction Within the life cycle of a machine from construction to dismantling, various machine-related actions may require repetitive handling at high frequency. Repetitive handling at high frequency can cause musculoskeletal strain and the risk of fatigue, discomfort and musculoskeletal disorders. The designer of a machine should seek to minimise these health risks by taking into account a variety of risk factors including the frequency of actions, the force, postures, durations, lack of recovery and other additional factors. NOTE 1 Although factors such as duration and lack of recovery periods are relevant factors when assessing risk in relation to human physical performance in the workplace, these factors are controlled by the member states own national legislation, contract agreements with social partners and are not in the scope of this European Standard. The risk assessment method in this European Standard gives guidance to the designer how to reduce health risks for the operator. This European Standard is written in conformity with EN ISO 12100-1 and provides the user with guidance for hazard identification for harm through musculoskeletal overload and tools for qualitative and, to an extent, a quantitative risk assessment. The risk assessment tools also indicate how to achieve risk reduction. This European Standard does not deal with risks related to accidents. The recommendations provided by this European Standard are based on available scientific evidence concerning the physiology and epidemiology of manual work. The knowledge is, however, limited and the suggested guidelines are subject to changes according to future research. This European Standard is a type B standard as stated in EN ISO 12100-1. The provisions of this European Standard can be supplemented or modified by a type C standard. NOTE 2 For machines which are covered by the scope of a type C standard and which have been designed and built according to the provisions of that standard, the provisions of that type C standard take precedence over the provisions of this type B standard.



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 6
1 Scope This European Standard presents guidance to the designer of machinery or its component parts and the writer of type C standards in assessing and controlling health and safety risks due to machine-related repetitive handling at high frequency. This European Standard specifies reference data for action frequency of the upper limbs during machinery operation, and it presents a risk assessment method intended for risk reduction option analysis. This European Standard applies to machinery for professional operation by the healthy adult working population. This European Standard is not applicable for repetitive movements and related risks of the neck, back and lower limbs. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 614-1, Safety of machinery — Ergonomic design principles — Part 1: Terminology and general principles EN 614-2, Safety of machinery — Ergonomic design principles — Part 2: Interactions between the design of machinery and work tasks EN 1005-2, Safety of machinery — Human physical performance — Part 2: Manual handling of machinery and component parts of machinery EN 1005-3:2002, Safety of machinery — Human physical performance — Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery operation EN 1005-4:2005, Safety of machinery — Human physical performance — Part 4: Evaluation of working postures and movements in relation to machinery EN 1050, Safety of machinery — Principles for risk assessment EN ISO 12100-1, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003) EN ISO 12100-2, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 2: Technical principles (ISO 12100-2:2003) EN ISO 14738:2002, Safety of machinery — Anthropometric requirements for the design of workstations at machinery (ISO 14738:2002) ISO/IEC Guide 51, Safety aspects — Guidelines for their inclusion in standards 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. NOTE Terms and definitions used in EN and ISO standards referred to in this European Standard are also valid for this European Standard.



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 7 3.1 repetitive task task characterized by repeated work cycles 3.2 work cycle sequence of technical actions that are repeated always the same way 3.3 cycle time time elapsing from the moment when one operator begins a work cycle to the moment that the same work cycle is started (in seconds) 3.4 technical action elementary manual actions required to complete the operations within the work cycle, such as holding, turning, pushing, cutting 3.5 repetitiveness characteristic of task when a person is continuously repeating the same work cycle, technical actions and movements 3.6 frequency of actions number of technical actions per minute 3.7 force physical effort of the operator required to execute the technical actions 3.8 postures and movements positions and movements of body segment(s) or joint(s) required to execute the technical actions 3.9 recovery time period of rest following a period of activity in which restoration of human tissue can occur (in minutes) 3.10 additional factors risk factors which include other factors for which there is evidence of causal or aggravating relationship with work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb, e.g. vibrations, local pressure, cold environment, cold surfaces 4 Abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply. Acronyms
Legend for abbreviations AdM
Additional factors Multiplier
ATA
Number of Actual Technical Actions within a shift
CF
“Constant of Frequency” of technical actions per minute D
net Duration in minutes of each repetitive task DuM
Duration Multiplier
FCT
Foreseeable duration of the Cycle Time (in seconds)



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 8 FF
Foreseeable Frequency of technical actions per minute
FoM
Force Multiplier
j
generic repetitive tasks
MSDs
Musculo-Skeletal Disorders n
Number of repetitive task/s performed during shift
NEP
Number of Exposed Persons
NPA
Number of Persons Affected by one or more UL-WMSDs
NTC
Number of technical actions in the work cycle
OCRA
OCcupational Repetitive Action
PA
Prevalence (%) of persons Affected RF
Reference Frequency of technical actions per minute PoM
Posture Multiplier RcM
Recovery Multiplier
ReM
Repetitiveness Multiplier RTA
Number of Reference Technical Actions within a shift S.E.
Standard Error
UL-WMSDs
Upper Limb Work-related Musculo-Skeletal Disorders 5 Requirements 5.1 The application of standards relevant to this document The designer shall consider the principles given in EN 1050, EN 614-1 and EN 614-2, EN 1005-2, EN 1005-3, EN 1005-4, EN ISO 12100-1 and EN ISO 12100-2 and EN ISO 14738. 5.2 General aspects The designer of a machine is required to: a) conduct an assessment of risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to machine related repetitive work; b) take account in the assessment of the single and combined effects from the most relevant risk factors as repetitiveness, force, working postures, foreseen work duration, lack of recovery periods and additional factors; c) if possible try to avoid risk ‘at the source’ or alternatively to minimise these health risks by changes in the machinery design (automation, technical aids); d) when all is done to minimize the risk it is an obligation to inform about residual risks in instructions for use. Machines and related tasks shall be designed in a way, so that activities demanding high frequency can be performed adequately with respect to the force required, the posture of the limbs and the foreseeable presence of recovery periods. In addition machines and related tasks shall be designed to allow for variations in movements. Additional factors (see 3.11) have to be considered. When designing machinery and work tasks, the designer shall ensure that the following ergonomics characteristics of well-designed work tasks are fulfilled. These characteristics take into account the differences and dynamic characteristics of the intended operator population, and shall be pursued by designing machinery and machinery related work tasks in interaction (EN 614-2).



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 9 Thus, in design process the designer shall also (see EN 614-2): i) avoid overload as well as under load of the operator, which may lead to unnecessary or excessive strain, fatigue or to errors. Frequency, duration and intensity of perceptual, cognitive and motor activities shall be designed so as to avoid these consequences; ii) avoid repetitiveness for the operator, which may lead to unbalanced work strain and thus to physical disorders as well as to sensations of monotony, satiation, boredom or to dissatisfaction. Short work cycles should therefore be avoided. The operator shall be provided with an appropriate variety of tasks or activities. If repetitive task cannot be avoided:  cycle time shall not be determined solely on the basis of average time measures or estimated under normal conditions;  allowances shall be given for deviations from normal conditions;  very short cycle times shall be avoided;  opportunities shall be given to the operator to work at his/her own pace, rather than at set pace;  working on moving objects shall be avoided. 5.3 Risk assessment 5.3.1 General In this standard risk assessment of musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb resulting from repetitive handling is described. The technical action is identified as the specific characteristic relevant to repetitive movements of the upper extremities. The technical action is factored by its relative frequency during a certain time period. The frequency of technical actions of the upper limbs is related to other risk factors such as force (the greater the force, the lower the frequency), posture (the greater the joint excursion, the longer the time necessary to carry out an action) and recovery periods (if well distributed during the shift, they increase the recovery of muscular function). Some additional factors can increase the need for force (e.g. awkward tools or personal protective equipment e.g. gloves that interfere with the grasp or movements). Other additional factors can cause damage to human tissue e.g. muscles, tendons and vessels (vibration, compression, cold surfaces). Data from recent epidemiological studies on workers exposed to repetitive movements of upper limbs allow, among others, designers to forecast from exposure indexes the occurrence of the consequences for Upper Limbs Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (UL-WMSDs) [32, 34, 35]. Annex D describes a method of determination. The acceptable situation occurs when the exposure index, given in 5.3.3 (method 2) is not exceeding a level that corresponds to the occurrence of UL-WMSDs as observed in a working population not exposed to occupational risks for the upper limbs [11, 34]. When repetitive handling is unavoidable then a risk assessment and risk reduction approach shall be adopted. In accordance with ISO Guide 51 and EN 1050, this should follow a four-step approach: hazard identification, risk estimation, risk evaluation and risk reduction. It is recommended to simulate tasks at least once by actual users with a full-size model/prototype of the machinery or the machinery itself (refer to EN 614-1, ergonomic task 'evaluate with users'; see also EN 1005-4:2005, 4.2 ‘Guidance towards risk assessment’). The following procedure should be adopted when conducting a risk assessment of machinery design involving repetitive handling (Figure 1).



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 10
Figure 1 — Risk assessment model



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 11 The first stage of the risk assessment is to identify whether hazards exist which may expose individuals to a risk. If such hazards are present, then a more detailed risk assessment may be necessary. When determining a risk assessment, consideration should be given to the following risk factors: a) Repetitiveness: As the movement frequency increases and/or the cycle duration decreases, the risk increases. Frequent repetitive movements giving rise to a risk of musculoskeletal disorders may vary depending on the context of the movement pattern and the individual. b) Force: Tasks should involve smooth force exertions, avoiding sudden or jerky movements. Handling precision (accurate picking and placement), the type and nature of the grip may introduce additional muscular effort. c) Posture and movement: Work tasks and operations should provide variations to the working posture. The work tasks should avoid extreme ranges of joint movement and there is a need to avoid prolonged static postures. Complex postures involving combined movements (e.g. flexed and twisted) may present greater risk. d) Duration and insufficient recovery: Duration can be broken down in a number of ways. The opportunity for recovery or rest can fall within each of these work periods. Insufficient time for the body to recover between repetitive movements (i.e. lack of recovery time) increases the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. NOTE The designer has no direct influence on the real task duration and recovery time at the machine. He has to refer to a typical scenario of repetitive task duration up to 8 hours per shift with 2 breaks of 10 minutes plus the lunch break. The designer should mention in the "Information for use" if critical values for task duration and recovery time are determined in the risk analysis, e.g. task duration, job duration, and work shift duration. e) Additional factors: General consideration should be given to the following additional risk factors: 1) object characteristics (e.g. contact forces, shape, dimensions, coupling, object temperature); 2) vibration and impact forces; 3) environmental conditions (e.g. lighting, climate, noise); 4) individual and organisational factors (e.g. skills, the level of training, age, gender, health problems, pregnancy). 5.3.2 Hazard identification If the following conditions are satisfied, there is no hazard due to repetitive tasks for upper limbs:  the task is not characterized by work cycles;  the task is characterized by work cycles, but perceptual or cognitive activities are clearly prevalent and upper limb movements are residual. For all the machinery / task combinations in which cyclic manual activities are foreseen, a risk estimation shall be applied. For each manual task to be performed on machinery, the designer shall:  identify and count the technical actions (for each upper limb) needed to carry out the work cycle (NTC);  define the foreseeable duration of the cycle time (FCT);  consider the force, posture, foreseeable duration and frequency of recovery periods;



EN 1005-5:2007 (E) 12  consider the possibility of rotation between different tasks, at the machinery, e.g. starting procedures, shift of tools and/or settings, loading- and unloading procedures, fetching of materials, maintenance, cleaning’. A risk estimation model is presented in 5.3.3 (Method 1). A detailed risk evaluation model will be presented in 5.3.4 (Met
...

SLOVENSKI oSIST prEN 1005-5:2005

PREDSTANDARD
maj 2005
Varnost strojev - Človeške fizične zmogljivosti - 5. del: Ocena tveganja
rokovanja z veliko pogostostjo ponavljanja
Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 5: Risk assessment for
repetitive handling at high frequency
ICS 13.110; 13.180 Referenčna številka
oSIST prEN 1005-5:2005(en)
©  Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno

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EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 1005-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2005
ICS
English version
Safety of machinery - Human physical performance - Part 5:
Risk assessment for repetitive handling at high frequency
Sicherheit von Maschinen - Menschliche körperliche
Leistung - Teil 5: Risikobewertung für kurzzyklische
Tätigkeiten bei hohen Handhabungsfrequenzen
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for second enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 122.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 1005-5:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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prEN 1005-5:2005 (E)
Contents
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .6
4 Abbreviations.7
5 Requirements.7
6 Information for use .16
Annex A (informative) Identification of technical action .17
A.1 Examples for identifying and counting technical actions.18
Annex B (informative) Posture and types of movements.23
Annex C (informative) Force.28
C.1 General.28
C.2 Procedure 2 – A psychophysical approach using the CR-10 Borg scale.29
Annex D (informative) Association between the OCRA index and the occurrence of Upper Limbs
Work-related Musculo-Skeletal Disorders (UL-WMSDs): criteria for the classification of results
and forecast models.31
D.1 General.31
D.2 OCRA Index values, exposure areas and consequent actions.33
Annex E (informative) Influence of recovery periods pattern and work time duration in determining
the overall number of reference technical actions within a shift (RTA) and, consequently, the
OCRA index.35
Annex F (informative) An application example of risk reduction in a mono-task analysis .37
F.1 Foreword.37
F.2 General: technical characteristics of the task .37
F.3 Hazard identification .38
F.4 Method 1 .39
F.5 Method 2 .39
Annex G (informative) Definition and quantification of additional risk factors .54
Annex H (informative) Risk assessment by Method 2 when designing “multitask” jobs.55
H.1 OCRA index calculation when two or more repetitive tasks should be assessed .55
H.2 An application example: assessing repetitive tasks at a machinery .56
H.3 Multi-tasks analysis.62
H.4 Conclusion .65
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 98/79/EC .66
Bibliography .67

2

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prEN 1005-5:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN 1005-5:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics”, the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the second CEN Enquiry.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European
Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
EN 1005 consists of the following Parts, under the general title "Safety of machinery – Human physical
performance":
 Part 1: Terms and definitions;
 Part 2: Manual handling of machinery and component parts of machinery;
 Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery operation;

1)
 Part 4 : Evaluation of working postures and movements in relation to machinery;
 Part 5: Risk assessment for repetitive handling at high frequency.


1) Under preparation
3

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prEN 1005-5:2005 (E)
Introduction
Within the life cycle of a machine from construction to dismantling, various machine-related actions require
repetitive handling at high frequency, which causes musculoskeletal strain and the risk of fatigue, discomfort and
musculoskeletal disorders. The designer of a machine should seek to minimise these health risks by taking into
account a variety of risk factors including the frequency of actions, the force, postures, durations, lack of recovery
and other additional factors.
The risk assessment method in this standard gives guidance to the designer how to reduce health risks for the
operator.
This standard is written in conformity with EN 1050 and gives the user a guidance for hazard identification for harm
through musculoskeletal overload and tools for qualitative and, to an extent, a quantitative risk assessment. The
risk assessment tools also indicate how to achieve risk reduction. This standard does not deal with risks related to
accidents.
The recommendations provided by this standard are based on available scientific evidence concerning the
physiology and epidemiology of manual work. The knowledge is, however, scarce and the suggested guidelines
are subject to changes according to future research. In accordance with the rules for CEN/CENELEC-standards
Part 2 clause 4.9.3.
This European Standard is a type B standard as stated in EN 1070.
The provisions of this document can be supplemented or modified by a type C standard.
This standard is not applicable to machinery, manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.
NOTE For machines which are covered by the scope of a type C standard and which have been designed and built
according to the provisions of that standard, the provisions of that type C standard take precedence over the provisions of this
type B standard.
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1 Scope
This European standard presents guidance to the designer of machinery or its component parts and the writer of
C-standards in assessing and controlling health and safety risks due to machine-related repetitive handling at high
frequency.
This standard specifies reference data for action frequency of the upper limbs during machinery operation, and it
presents a risk assessment method intended for risk reduction option analysis.
This standard applies to machinery for professional operation by the healthy adult working population. This
standard is not applicable for upper arm elevation above shoulder height.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,
only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
EN 614-1, Safety of machinery - Ergonomic design principles – Part 1: Terminology and general principles.
EN 614-2, Safety of machinery - Ergonomic design principles – Part 2: Interactions between the design of
machinery and work tasks.
EN 1005-1, Safety of machinery - Human physical performance – Part 1: Terms and definitions.
EN 1005-2, Safety of machinery - Human physical performance – Part 2: Manual handling of machinery and
component parts of machinery.
EN 1005-3, Safety of machinery - Human physical performance – Part 3: Recommended force limits for machinery
operation.

2)
prEN 1005-4 , Safety of machinery - Human physical performance – Part 4: Evaluation of working postures in
relation to machinery.
EN 1050, Safety of machinery - Risk assessment.
EN 1070, Safety of machinery - Terms and definitions.
EN ISO 6385, Ergonomic principles in the design of work systems.
EN ISO 12100-1, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design – Part 1: Basic terminology,
methodology.
EN ISO 12100-2, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design – Part 2: Technical
principles and specifications.
EN ISO 14738:2002, Safety of machinery - Anthropometric requirements for the design of workplaces at
machinery.
ISO/IEC Guide 51, Safety aspects – Guidelines for their inclusion in standards

2) Under preparation
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3 Terms and definitions
Definitions used in EN and ISO standards referred to in this European standard are also valid for this standard.
Additional definitions specifically needed for this European standard are added below.
3.1
repetitive task
task characterized by repeated work cycles
3.2
non-repetitive task
task characterized by the presence of non-repeated work cycle
3.3
work cycle
sequence of technical actions that are repeated always the same way
3.4
cycle time
the time elapsing from the moment when one operator begins a work cycle to the moment that the same work cycle
is repeated (in seconds)
3.5
technical action
elementary manual actions required to complete the operations within the cycle, such as holding, turning, pushing,
cutting
3.6
repetitiveness
quality of task when a person is continuously repeating the same cycle, technical actions and movements in a
significant part of a normal workday
3.7
frequency
number of (technical actions) per minute
3.8
force
physical effort of the operator required to execute the operations related to the machinery
3.9
posture and movements
positions and movements of body segment(s) or joint(s) required to execute the operations related to the
machinery
3.10
recovery time
period of rest following a period of activity in which restoration of a muscle can occur (in minutes)
3.11
additional risk factors
risk factors which include other factors for which there is evidence of causal or aggravating relationship with work-
related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb, e.g. vibrations, local pressure, cold
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4 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this European Standards the following abbreviations apply.
Acronyms Legenda for abbreviations
NTC  Number of technical actions in the cycle
FCT  Foreseeable duration of the Cycle Time (in seconds)
FF  Foreseeable Frequency of actions per minute
RF  Reference Frequency of technical actions
CF  “Constant of Frequency” of technical actions per minute
Po Posture Multiplier
M
Re Repetitiveness Multiplier
M
Ad Additional Multiplier
M
Fo Force Multiplier
M
Rc Recovery Multiplier
M
Du Duration Multiplier
M
ATA  Number of Actual Technical Actions within a shift
RTA  Number of Reference Technical Actions within a shift
n  Number of repetitive task/s performed during shift
j  generic repetitive tasks
D  net Duration in minutes of each repetitive task
OCRA  OCcupational Repetitive Action
NPA  Number of Persons Affected by one or more UL-WMSDs
PA  Prevalence (%) of persons Affected
NEP  Number of Exposed Persons
MSDs  Musculo-Skeletal Disorders
UL-WMSDs Upper Limb Work-related Musculo-Skeletal Disorders
S.E.  Standard Error
5 Requirements
5.1 The application of standards relevant to this document
The designer shall first consider EN 614 (Part 1 and 2), EN 1005-3, prEN 1005-4, EN ISO 12100 (Part 1 and 2) and
EN ISO 14738.
5.2 General aspects
Machines and related tasks shall be designed in a way so that activities demanding high frequency can be
performed adequately with respect to the force required, the posture of the limbs and the foreseeable presence of
recovery periods. In addition machines and related tasks shall be designed to allow for variations in movements.
Additional factors (vibration, cold, etc.) have to be considered.
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The technical action is identified as the specific characteristic relevant to repetitive movements of the upper
extremities. The technical action is factored by its relative frequency during a certain time period.
When designing machinery and work tasks, the designer shall ensure that the following ergonomics characteristics
of well-designed work tasks are implemented. These characteristics take into account the differences and dynamic
characteristics of the intended operator population, and shall be considered by designing machinery and machinery
related work tasks in interaction.
Thus, in design process the designer shall also (see EN 614-2):
a) avoid overload as well as under load of the operator, which may lead to unnecessary or excessive strain,
fatigue or to errors. Frequency, duration and intensity of perceptual, cognitive and motor activities shall be
designed so as to avoid these consequences
b) avoid repetitiveness for the operator, which may lead to unbalanced work strain and thus to physical disorders
as well as to sensations of monotony, satiation, boredom or to dissatisfaction.
Short work cycles should therefore be avoided. The operator shall be provided with an appropriate variety of tasks
or activities. If repetitive task cannot be avoided:
1) cycle time shall not be determined solely on the basis of average time measures or estimated under
normal conditions;
2) allowances shall be given for deviations from normal conditions;
3) very short cycle times shall be avoided;
4) opportunities shall be given to the operator to work at his/her own pace, rather than at set pace;
5) working on moving objects shall be avoided.
In this standard risk assessment in relation to physical overload during repetitive handling is described.
5.3 Risk assessment
The “frequency of upper limbs action“ is related to other risk factors such as force (the greater the force, the lower
the frequency), posture (the greater the joint excursion, the longer the time necessary to carry out an action) and
recovery periods (if well distributed during the shift, they increase the recovery of muscular function).
Some additional factors can increase the need for force (awkward tools or gloves) or cause damage to muscles,
tendons and vessels (vibration, compression, cold surfaces).
Data from recent epidemiological studies on workers exposed to repetitive movements of upper limbs allow, among
others, designers to forecast from exposure indexes the occurrence of the consequences for Upper Limbs Work-
related Musculoskeletal Disorders (UL-WMSDs) [10, 31, 32, 33]. Annex D describes a method of determination [5].
The acceptable situation occurs when the exposure index (OCRA) corresponds to a forecast of occurrence of
MSDs as observed in a working population not exposed to occupational risks for the upper limbs [4, 11, 15].
When repetitive handling is unavoidable then a risk assessment and risk reduction approach should be adopted. In
accordance with ISO Guide 51 and EN 1050, this should follow a four-step approach: hazard identification, risk
estimation, risk evaluation and risk reduction.
It is required to simulate tasks at least once by actual users with a full-size model/prototype of the machinery or the
machinery itself (refer to EN 614-1, ergonomic task 'evaluate with users'; see also prEN 1005-4 clause 4.2
‘Guidance towards risk assessment’).
The following procedure should be adopted when conducting a risk assessment of machinery design involving
repetitive handling (Figure 1).
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Figure 1 — Risk assessment model
The first stage of the risk assessment is to identify whether hazards exist which may expose individuals to a risk of
injury. If such hazards are present, then a more detailed risk assessment may be necessary. When determining a
risk assessment, consideration should be given to the following risk factors:
a) Repetitiveness:
Repetitive movements should be avoided within a task. As the movement frequency increases and/or the cycle
duration decreases, the risk of injury increases. Frequent repetitive movements giving rise to a risk of injury
may vary depending on the context of the movement pattern and the individual.
b) Force:
Tasks should involve smooth force exertions, avoiding sudden or jerky movements. Handling precision
(accurate picking and placement), the type and nature of the grip may introduce additional muscular effort.
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c) Posture and movement:
Work tasks and operations should provide variations to the working posture; both whole body postures and
movement of specific limbs. The work tasks should avoid extreme ranges of joint movement and there is a
need to avoid prolonged static postures. Complex postures involving combined movements (e.g. flexed and
twisted) may present greater risk.
d) Sitting restricts overall movement of the body, particularly those of the lower leg and back. This may lead to
increased and complex loading of the back and upper extremities. Standing for prolonged periods of time often
results in pain/discomfort in the legs and lower back, and may lead to venous pooling in the legs. Whenever
possible, workers should be given the option to vary between sitting and standing.
e) Duration and insufficient recovery:
Duration can be broken down in a number of ways, i.e. task duration, job duration, and work shift duration. The
opportunity for recovery or rest can fall within each of these work periods. Insufficient time for the body to
recover between repetitive movements (i.e. lack of recovery time) increases the risk of injury.
f) Additional risk factors:
The following list should be considered to find out if the risk related to repetitive handling is increased due to
additional risk factors:
1) Object characteristics (e.g. contact forces, shape, dimensions, coupling, object temperature)
2) Vibration and impact forces
3) Environmental conditions (e.g. lighting, climate, noise)
4) Individual and organisational factors (e.g. skills, the level of training, age, gender, health problems,
pregnancy)
5.3.1 Hazard identification
If the following conditions are satisfied there is no hazard:
 The task is not characterized by cycles
 The task is characterized by cycles, but perceptual or cognitive activities are clear prevalent and upper limb
movements are residual.
For all the machinery/task combinations in which cyclic manual activities are foreseen, risk estimation shall be
applied.
For each manual task to be performed on machinery the designer shall:
 identify and count the technical actions (for each upper limb) needed to carry out the task (NTC);
 define the foreseeable duration of the cycle time (FCT);
 consider the foreseeable duration and frequency of recovery periods;
 consider the possibility of rotation on different tasks, when designing a machinery e.g. in the context of an
assembly line.
An evaluation model will be presented in 5.3.2 (Method 1) and 5.3.3 (Method 2).
When the characteristics described in Method 1 are fully and simultaneously present, it is possible to affirm that risk
exposure to repetitive movements at high frequency is acceptable.
Where one or more of the listed characteristics for the different risk factors are not satisfied, the designer shall use
a more detailed evaluation (Method 2, 5.3.3).
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5.3.2 Risk estimation and simple evaluation of machinery related repetitive handling at high frequency
(Method 1)
5.3.2.1 Check of the risk factors
The designer shall check if, considering the main risk factors (force, awkward postures and movements,
repetitiveness, frequency of technical actions, additional factors), for each upper limb, the following conditions are
satisfied:
a) Absence of force, or use of force in accordance with the criteria regarding the recommended force limits as
reported in EN 1005-3.
b) Absence of awkward postures and movements considering the same conditions exposed in prEN 1005-4 as
summarized below:
1) The upper arm postures and movements are in the range between 0° and 20° (Zone 1 in Figure 6,
prEN 1005-4);
2) The articular movements of the elbow and wrist do not exceed 50 % of the maximum articular range [9],
(Table 1 and Annex B);
3) The kinds of grasp are “power grip”, or “pinch lasting no more than 1/3 of the cycle time”, (Table 1 and
Annex B). [4, 7, 10].
c) Low repetitiveness.
This is true if [38, 39]:
1) The cycle time is more than 30 seconds [19].
1) The same kinds of action are not repeated for more than 50 % of the cycle time [19].
d) Frequency of technical actions for both upper limbs is less than 40 actions per minute. If the frequency is
greater than 40 actions per minute for at least one upper limb then move on to Method 2.
In order to compute the frequency of actions/min (see annex A for identification of technical action), use the
following formula:
NTC ⋅ 60
FF = (1)
FCT
where:
FF is the foreseeable frequency of actions per minute;
FCT is foreseeable duration of the cycle time in seconds;
NTC is the number of technical actions (for each upper limb) needed to carry out the task.
e) Absence of additional factors (physical and mechanical factors).
The task should not include hand/arm vibration, shock (such as hammering), localized compression on
anatomical structures due to tools, exposure to cold, use of inadequate gloves for grasping etc. [4, 7]
(Annex G).
5.3.2.2 Final estimation and evaluation of machinery design by Method 1
When every condition shown in 5.3.2.1, points a, b, c, d, e are satisfied for each upper limb, the exposure is
acceptable. If one or more conditions mentioned in Method 1 are not met, the designer shall analyse in more detail
each risk factor that interferes with the frequency of actions by Method 2.
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5.3.3 Detailed risk assessment of machinery related repetitive handling at high frequency: risk reduction
and risk reduction option analysis (Method 2)
5.3.3.1 Evaluation of acceptable frequency of actions when one or more risk factors are present
If one or more conditions defined in Method 1 are not satisfied, the designer shall analyse in more detail each risk
factor that has an impact upon the frequency of actions. Since different risk factors can be present to a greater or
lesser extent, and in a variety of combinations, then different levels of risk can be expected.
The level of risk is assessed with reference to the OCRA method [8, 10, 30]. The OCRA index, when assessing a
single repetitive task in a shift (mono task job), is given by the ratio between the foreseeable frequency (FF) of
technical actions needed to carry out the task, and the reference frequency (RF) of technical actions, for each
upper limb (see Annex A for identification of technical action). This is a particular procedure for mono task jobs. For
multitask jobs see Annex H.
In this context:
FF
OCRA index =
RF
The foreseeable frequency (number per minute) of technical actions needed to carry out the task (FF) is given by
the following formula:
NTC ⋅ 60
FF =
FCT
where:
FCT is foreseeable duration of the cycle time in seconds;
NTC is the number of technical actions (for each upper limb) needed to carry out the task during one
cycle.
The following formula calculates the reference frequency (number per minute) of technical actions (RF) on a work
cycle base:
RF = CF × Po × Re × Ad × Fo ×()Rc × Du
M M M M M M
where:
CF   = “constant of frequency” of technical actions per minute = 30
Po ; Re ; Ad ; Fo = multipliers for the risk factors postures, repetitiveness, additional, force.
M M M M
Rc = multiplier for the risk factor “lack of recovery period”
M
Du   = multiplier for the overall duration of repetitive task (s) during a shift.
M
When designing a machinery related task, evaluate reference frequency of the technical actions within a work cycle
that is representative of the task under examination. The analyses shall include the main risk factors that the
designer can influence with the consequent choice of a specific multiplier for each risk factor. These multipliers will
decrease from 1 to 0 as the risk level increases. The risk factors and the corresponding multiplier, influenced by the
designer, are:
Awkward or uncomfortable postures or movements (posture multiplier) (Po ), see 5.3.3.1.1
M
High repetition of the same movements (repetitiveness multiplier) (Re ), see 5.3.3.1.2
M
Presence of additional factors (additional multiplier) (Ad ), see 5.3.3.1.3
M
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Frequent or high force exertions (force multiplier) (Fo ), see 5.3.3.1.4
M
The other factors considered in the formula (Rc × Du ) are generally out of the direct influence of the designer and
M M
consequently they will be considered, in this context, as a constant, reflecting a common condition of repetitive task
duration
...

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