Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) - General requirements, tests and test conditions -- Part 21: Tariff and load control equipment

This part of IEC 62052 specifies general requirements for the type test of newly manufactured
indoor tariff and load control equipment, like electronic ripple control receivers and time
switches that are used to control electrical loads, multi-tariff registers and maximum demand
indicator devices.
This standard gives no requirements for constructional details internal to the tariff and load
control equipment.
In the case where tariff and load control functionality is integrated into multifunction electricity
metering equipment, the relevant parts of this standard apply.
This standard does not cover the acceptance tests and the conformity tests. Nevertheless, an
example of what could be an acceptance test is given in Annex F.
The dependability aspect is covered by the documents of the IEC 62059 series.

Wechselstrom-Elektrizitätszähler - Allgemeine Anforderungen, Prüfungen und Prüfbedingungen -- Teil 21: Einrichtungen für Tarif- und Laststeuerung

Equipement de comptage de l'électricité - Prescriptions générales, essais et conditions d'essai -- Partie 21: Equipement de tarification et contrôle de charge

L'IEC 62052-21:2004 spécifie les prescriptions générales pour les essais de type d'équipements neufs de tarification et contrôle de charge, de type intérieur, tels que des récepteurs de télécommande centralisée ou des horloges de tarification qui sont utilisés pour le contrôle de charges électriques, de registres multi-tarifs ou des dispositifs indicateurs de maximum. La présente version bilingue (2016-07) correspond à la version monolingue publiée en 2004-05.

Oprema za merjenje električne energije (a.c./izmenični tok) - Splošne zahteve, preskusi in pogoji preskušanja – 21. del: Oprema za krmiljenje tarif in bremen (IEC 62052- 21:2004)

Ta del standarda IEC 62052 določa splošne zahteve za tipsko preskušanje novo proizvedene notranje opreme za krmiljenje tarif in bremen, kot so elektronski zvočno frekvenčni omrežni sprejemniki in časovna stikala, ki se uporabljajo za krmiljenje električnih obremenitev, večtarifnih registrov ter indikatorjev maksimuma.
V tem standardu niso podane zahteve za konstrukcijske podrobnosti opreme za krmiljenje tarif in bremen.
Kadar je funkcija krmiljenja tarif in bremen vgrajena v večfunkcijsko opremo za merjenje električne energije, veljajo ustrezni deli tega standarda.
Ta standard ne obravnava preskusov sprejemljivosti in skladnosti. Kljub temu je primer preskusa sprejemljivosti podan v dodatku F.
Vidik zanesljivosti je zajet v dokumentih iz skupine standardov IEC 62059.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2005
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
01-Jun-2005
Due Date
01-Jun-2005
Completion Date
01-Jun-2005

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SLOVENSKI SIST EN 62052-21:2005

STANDARD
junij 2005
2SUHPD]DPHUMHQMHHOHNWULþQHHQHUJLMH DFL]PHQLþQLWRN 6SORãQH]DKWHYH
preskusi in pogoji preskušanja – 21. del: Oprema za krmiljenje tarif in bremen
(IEC 62052- 21:2004)
Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) - General requirements, tests and test
conditions - Part 21: Tariff and load control equipment (IEC 62052-21:2004)
ICS 5HIHUHQþQDãWHYLOND
91.140.50
SIST EN 62052-21:2005(en)
! "#$%!&!%’()*#+’

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 62052-21
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2004

ICS 91.140.50 Partially supersedes EN 61037:1992 + A1:1996 + A2:1998 & EN 61038:1992 + A1:1996 + A2:1998


English version


Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) -
General requirements, tests and test conditions
Part 21: Tariff and load control equipment
(IEC 62052-21:2004)


Equipement de comptage de l'électricité - Wechselstrom-Elektrizitätszähler -
Prescriptions générales, Allgemeine Anforderungen,
essais et conditions d'essai Prüfungen und Prüfbedingungen
Partie 21: Equipement de tarification et Teil 21: Einrichtungen für Tarif-
contrôle de charge und Laststeuerung
(CEI 62052-21:2004) (IEC 62052-21:2004)






This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2004-07-06. CENELEC members are bound to
comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and
notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels


© 2004 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.

Ref. No. EN 62052-21:2004 E

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------

EN 62052-21:2004 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 13/1307/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62052-21, prepared by IEC TC 13, Equipment
for electrical energy measurement and load control, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote
and was approved by CENELEC as EN 62052-21 on 2004-07-06.
This standard, in conjunction with EN 62054-11 and EN 62054-21, supersedes EN 61037:1992
(+ corrigendum December 1997) + A1:1996 + A2:1998 and EN 61038:1992 (+ corrigendum December
1997) + A1:1996 + A2:1998.
This standard is to be used in conjunction with the relevant parts of the EN 62054 and the EN 62059
series.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
(dop) 2005-07-01
national standard or by endorsement
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
(dow) 2007-07-01
with the EN have to be withdrawn
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CENELEC by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association and covers essential requirements of
EC Directive(s). See Annex ZZ.
Annexes ZA, ZB and ZZ have been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62052-21:2004 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 60068-2-11 NOTE Harmonized as HD 323.2.11 S1:1988(not modified).
IEC 62053-61 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62053-61:1998(not modified).
__________

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------

- 3 - EN 62052-21:2004
Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE Where an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60050-300 2001 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - - -
Electrical and electronic measurements
and measuring instruments
Part 311: General terms relating to
measurements
Part 312: General terms relating to
electrical measurements
Part 313: Types of electrical measuring
instruments
Part 314: Specific terms according to the
type of instrument

IEC 60060-1 1989 High-voltage test techniques
+ corr. March 1990 Part 1: General definitions and test HD 588.1 S1 1991
requirements

IEC 60068-2-1 1990 Environmental testing EN 60068-2-1 1993
Part 2: Tests - Tests A: Cold

1)
IEC 60068-2-2 1974 Part 2: Tests - Tests B: Dry heat EN 60068-2-2 1993

IEC 60068-2-6 1995 Part 2: Tests - Test Fc: Vibration
+ corr. March 1995 (sinusoidal) EN 60068-2-6 1995

IEC 60068-2-27 1987 Part 2: Tests - Test Ea and guidance: EN 60068-2-27 1993
Shock

2)
IEC 60068-2-30 1980 Part 2: Tests - Test Db and guidance: EN 60068-2-30 1999
Damp heat, cyclic (12 + 12-hour cycle)

IEC 60068-2-75 1997 Part 2-75: Tests - Test Eh: Hammer tests EN 60068-2-75 1997

3)
IEC 60085 1984 Thermal evaluation and classification of HD 566 S1 1990
electrical insulation


1)
EN 60068-2-2 includes supplement A:1976 to IEC 60068-2-2.
2)
EN 60068-2-30 includes A1:1985 to IEC 60068-2-30.
3)
HD 566 S1:1990 is superseded by EN 60085:2004, which is based IEC 60085:2004.

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------

EN 62052-21:2004 - 4 -
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
4)
IEC 60269-3-1 1994 Low-voltage fuses HD 630.3.1 S3 2002
(mod) Part 3-1: Supplementary requirements for
fuses for use by unskilled persons (fuses
mainly for household and similar
applications) - Sections I to IV

5) 5)
IEC 60417-2 1998 Graphical symbols for use on equipment EN 60417-2 1999
Part 2: Symbol originals
A1 2000  - -

IEC 60529 1989 Degrees of protection provided by EN 60529 1991
enclosures (IP Code) + corr. May 1993

IEC 60695-2-10 2000 Fire hazard testing EN 60695-2-10 2001
Part 2-10: Glowing/hot-wire based test
methods - Glow-wire apparatus and
common test procedure

IEC 60695-2-11 2000 Part 2-11: Glowing/hot-wire based test EN 60695-2-11 2001
methods - Glow-wire flammability test
method for end-products

IEC 60721-3-3 1994 Classification of environmental conditions EN 60721-3-3 1995
Part 3: Classification of groups of
environmental parameters and their
severities
Section 3: Stationary use at
weatherprotected locations

IEC 61000-4-2 1995 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) EN 61000-4-2 1995
Part 4-2: Testing and measurement
techniques - Electrostatic discharge
immunity test

IEC 61000-4-3 2002 Part 4-3: Testing and measurement EN 61000-4-3 2002
techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency,
electromagnetic field immunity test

6)
IEC 61000-4-4 1995 Part 4-4: Testing and measurement EN 61000-4-4 1995
techniques - Electrical fast transient/burst
immunity test

IEC 61000-4-5 1995 Part 4-5: Testing and measurement EN 61000-4-5 1995
techniques - Surge immunity test

IEC 61000-4-6 1996 Part 4-6: Testing and measurement EN 61000-4-6 1996
techniques - Immunity to conducted
disturbances, induced by radio-frequency
fields


4)
HD 630.3.1 S3:2002 is superseded by HD 60269-3-1:2004, which is based on IEC 60269-3-1:2004.
5)
See IEC 60417 database.
6)
EN 61000-4-4:1995 is superseded by EN 61000-4-4:2004, which is based on IEC 61000-4-4:2004.

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------

- 5 - EN 62052-21:2004
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 62054-11 2004 Electricity metering (a.c.) - Tariff and load EN 62054-11 2004
control
Part 11: Particular requirements for
electronic ripple control receivers

IEC 62054-21 2004 Part 21: Particular requirements for time EN 62054-21 2004
switches

CISPR 22 (mod) 1997 Information technology equipment - Radio EN 55022 1998
disturbance characteristics - Limits and + corr. July 2003
methods of measurement

7)
ISO 75-2 1993 Plastics - Determination of temperature of EN ISO 75-2 1996
deflection under load
Part 2: Plastics and ebonite



7)
EN ISO 75-2:1996 is superseded by EN ISO 75-2:2004, which is based on ISO 75-2:2004.

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------

EN 62052-21:2004 - 6 -
Annex ZB
(normative)

Special national conditions
Special national condition: National characteristic or practice that cannot be changed even over a long
period, e.g. climatic conditions, electrical earthing conditions.
NOTE  If it affects harmonization, it forms part of the European Standard.
For the countries in which the relevant special national conditions apply these provisions are normative,
for other countries they are informative.
Clause Special national condition
7.4.4 United Kingdom
Replace the entire subclause by:
7.4.4 Short-circuit performance
7.4.4.1 Requirements
Short-time overcurrents shall not damage the output element. The output element shall still
operate under specified conditions, the surroundings of the tariff and load control equipment
shall not be endangered and protection against indirect contact shall be assured in all cases.
The test circuit shall be practically non-inductive.
7.4.4.2 Test of s.hort-circuit performance of the output element
The output element shall be able to carry a short-time overcurrent of 3 000 A rms with a
relative tolerance of + 0% to - 10 % for one half-cycle. The test circuit shall be practically non-
inductive. The open-circuit source voltage of the generator used for this test shall be Un
+ 5 % to - 5 %. This test shall be carried out with the switch closed and the contacts shall
remain closed after the test overcurrent has been applied. The test is passed if the protection
against indirect contact remains assured and if the output element can still be operated
correctly after the test overcurrent has been applied.
Where the output element is incorporated into an integrated meter the meter shall still meet
the requirements for influence of short-time overcurrents in the relevant standard for the
meter, including where the switch contact is in the current circuit. For polyphase meters and
switches the test shall be perfomed phase-by-phase.
NOTE  The short-circuit test is not applicable to the low rating d.c. switch (30 V, 30 mA) and to load switches up to a
rated breaking current of 2 A.
__________

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------

- 7 - EN 62052-21:2004
Annex ZZ
(informative)

Coverage of Essential Requirements of EC Directives
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CENELEC by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association and within its scope the standard covers all
relevant essential requirements as given in Article 4 of the EC Directive 89/336/EEC.
Compliance with this standard provides one means of conformity with the specified essential
requirements of the Directive[s] concerned.
WARNING: Other requirements and other EC Directives may be applicable to the products falling within
the scope of this standard.
__________

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------

INTERNATIONAL IEC


STANDARD 62052-21





First edition
2004-05


Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) –
General requirements, tests and test conditions –
Part 21:
Tariff and load control equipment

 IEC 2004  Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
PRICE CODE
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale X
International Electrotechnical Commission
МеждународнаяЭлектротехническаяКомиссия
For price, see current catalogue

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------

– 2 – 62052-21  IEC:2004(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.4
INTRODUCTION.6

1 Scope.7
2 Normative references.7
3 Terms and definitions .8
3.1 General definitions.9
3.2 Definitions related to electronic ripple control receivers .9
3.3 Definitions related to the ripple control code and to the control element .10
3.4 Definitions related to time switches .11
3.5 Definitions related to the output elements.12
3.6 Definitions of mechanical elements .13
3.7 Definitions of insulations .14
3.8 Definitions of influence quantities .15
3.9 Definition of tests.16
4 Standard electrical values .16
4.1 Standard reference voltage (U ).16
n
4.2 Standard reference frequency (f ) .16
n
5 Mechanical requirements and tests .16
5.1 General mechanical requirements .16
5.2 Case.17
5.3 Window.18
5.4 Terminals, terminal block(s), protective earth terminal.18
5.5 Terminal cover(s).19
5.6 Clearance and creepage distances.19
5.7 Insulating encased tariff and load control equipment of protective class II .20
5.8 Resistance to heat and fire.20
5.9 Protection against penetration of dust and water .21
5.10 Void.21
5.11 Void.21
5.12 Marking of tariff and load control equipment .22
6 Climatic conditions, requirements and tests.22
6.1 Temperature range.22
6.2 Relative humidity.23
6.3 Tests of the effect of the climatic environments .23
7 Electrical requirements and tests.24
7.1 Supply voltage.24
7.2 Heating.26
7.3 Insulation.26
7.4 Output elements.28
7.5 Functional requirements and tests.32
7.6 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) .32
7.7 Radio interference suppression.35

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------

62052-21  IEC:2004(E) – 3 –
8 Test conditions and type test .35
8.1 Test conditions.35
8.2 Type test.35

Annex A (normative) Relationship between ambient air temperature and relative
humidity.36
Annex B (normative) Reference and limiting values of the influence quantities.37
Annex C (normative) Electromagnet for testing the influence of externally produced
magnetic fields .38
Annex D (informative) Test set-up for EMC tests.39
Annex E (informative) Test schedule.40
Annex F (informative) Acceptance tests .42

Bibliographie.44

Figure A.1 – Relationship between ambient air temperature and relative humidity .36
Figure C.1 – Electromagnet for testing the influence of externally produced magnetic fields .38
Figure D.1 – Test set-up for the test of immunity to electromagnetic RF fields .39
Figure D.2 – Test set-up for fast transient burst test .39

Table 1 – Clearances and creepage distances for insulating encased tariff and load
control equipment of protective class I .20
Table 2 – Clearances and creepage distances for insulating encased tariff and load
control equipment of protective class II .20
Table 3 – Temperature range.23
Table 4 – Relative humidity.23
Table 5 – Voltage range.24
Table 6 – Power consumption .25
Table 7 – Rated breaking voltages.28
Table 8 – Rated breaking currents .29
Table B.1 – Reference and limiting values .37
Table E.1 – Test schedule .40
Table F.1 − Single sample plan.43
Table F.2 − Double sample plan.43

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– 4 – 62052-21  IEC:2004(E)
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
___________

ELECTRICITY METERING EQUIPMENT (AC) –
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, TESTS AND TEST CONDITIONS –

Part 21: Tariff and load control equipment


FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62052-21 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 13:
Equipment for electrical energy measurement and load control.
This standard, in conjunction with IEC 62054-11 and IEC 62054-21, cancels and replaces
IEC 61038:1990, Electricity metering – Tariff and load control – Particular requirements for
time switches and all amendments.This standard is to be used in conjunction with the relevant
parts of the IEC 62054 and the IEC 62059 series.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
13/1307/FDIS 13/1316/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------

62052-21  IEC:2004(E) – 5 –
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
2013. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

A bilingual version of this standard may be issued at a later date.

---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------

– 6 – 62052-21  IEC:2004(E)
INTRODUCTION
This standard distinguishes between protective class I and protective class II tariff and load
control equipment.
The test levels are regarded as minimum values to guarantee the proper functioning of the
equipment under normal working conditions. For special application, other test levels might be
necessary and should be agreed on between the user and the manufacturer.
For information, the relevant parts of IEC 62052, IEC 62054 and IEC 62059 are listed:
IEC 62052-21 Electricity metering (a.c.) – General requirements, tests and test conditions –
Part 21: Tariff and load control equipment
  (Replaces the general requirements of IEC 61037 and IEC 61038.)

IEC 62054-11 Electricity metering (a.c.) – Tariff and load control – Part 11: Particular
requirements for electronic ripple control receivers
  (Replaces the particular requirements of IEC 61037.)
IEC 62054-21 Electricity metering (a.c.) – Tariff and load control – Part 21: Particular
1
requirements for time switches
  (Replaces the particular requirements of IEC 61038.)

IEC 62059-11 Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – Dependability – Part 11: General concepts
IEC 62059-21 Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – Dependability – Part 21: Collection of
meter dependability data from the field
IEC 62059-41 Electricity metering equipment (a.c.) – Dependability – Part 41: Reliability
2
prediction

———————
1
To be published.
2
To be published.

---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------

62052-21  IEC:2004(E) – 7 –
ELECTRICITY METERING EQUIPMENT (AC) –
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, TESTS AND TEST CONDITIONS –

Part 21: Tariff and load control equipment



1 Scope
This part of IEC 62052 specifies general requirements for the type test of newly manufactured
indoor tariff and load control equipment, like electronic ripple control receivers and time
switches that are used to control electrical loads, multi-tariff registers and maximum demand
indicator devices.
This standard gives no requirements for constructional details internal to the tariff and load
control equipment.
In the case where tariff and load control functionality is integrated into multifunction electricity
metering equipment, the relevant parts of this standard apply.
This standard does not cover the acceptance tests and the conformity tests. Nevertheless, an
example of what could be an acceptance test is given in Annex F.
The dependability aspect is covered by the documents of the IEC 62059 series.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60050-300:2001 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Electrical and
electronic measurements and measuring instruments – Part 311: General terms relating to
measurements – Part 312: General terms relating to electrical measurements – Part 313: Types
of electrical measuring instruments – Part 314: Specific terms according to the type of
instrument
IEC 60060-1:1989, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test
requirements
IEC 60068-2-1:1990, Environmenta
...

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