SIST ETS 300 718:1999

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ETS 300 718:1999
01-julij-1999
Radijska oprema in sistemi (RES) - Javljalniki iz plazov (lavinske žolne) -
Sprejemno-oddajni sistemi
Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Avalanche beacons; Transmitter-receiver
systems
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETS 300 718 Edition 1
ICS:
13.200 3UHSUHþHYDQMHQHVUHþLQ Accident and disaster control
NDWDVWURI
33.060.20 Sprejemna in oddajna Receiving and transmitting
oprema equipment
SIST ETS 300 718:1999 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST ETS 300 718:1999

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SIST ETS 300 718:1999
EUROPEAN ETS 300 718
TELECOMMUNICATION March 1997
STANDARD
Source: ETSI TC-RES Reference: DE/RES-08-0501
ICS: 33.020
Key words: Radio, safety, SAR, testing
Radio Equipment and Systems (RES);
Avalanche Beacons;
Transmitter-receiver systems
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
Postal address: F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: secretariat@etsi.fr
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 - Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1997. All rights reserved.

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Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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Contents
Foreword .7
Introduction.7
1 Scope .9
2 Normative references.9
3 Definitions, abbreviations and symbols.9
3.1 Definitions .9
3.2 Abbreviations .10
3.3 Symbols .10
4 General.10
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing.10
4.2 Mechanical and electrical design.10
4.2.1 General.10
4.2.2 Controls and indicators.11
4.2.3 Switching over from transmit to receive .11
4.2.4 Battery type .11
4.2.5 Operating time.11
4.2.6 Battery check.11
4.2.7 Carrying system.11
4.2.8 Frequencies and power.11
4.2.9 Operating instructions .12
4.2.10 Equipment identification and short form operating instruction .12
4.3 Interpretation of the measurement results.12
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures .12
5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions .12
5.2 External test power source .13
5.3 Normal test conditions .13
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity.13
5.3.2 Normal test voltage .13
5.4 Extreme test conditions .13
5.4.1 Extreme temperatures.13
5.4.2 Extreme test voltages.13
5.4.3 Procedure for tests at extreme temperatures .13
5.4.3.1 Procedure for equipment designed for intermittent
operation.14
6 General conditions .14
6.1 Normal test signals .14
6.2 Test fixture .14
6.3 Test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements.14
6.4 Measuring receiver .14
7 Environmental tests.15
7.1 Procedure .15
7.2 Drop test on hard surface .15
7.2.1 Definition .15
7.2.2 Method of measurement .15
7.3 Temperature tests.15
7.3.1 General.15
7.3.2 Dry heat cycle.15
7.3.3 Low temperature cycle .16

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7.4 Immersion test. 16
7.4.1 Method of measurement. 16
7.4.2 Requirements . 16
7.5 Solar radiation . 16
7.5.1 Method of measurement. 16
7.5.2 Requirements . 16
7.6 Tensile test. 16
7.6.1 Method of measurement. 16
7.6.2 Requirements . 16
8 Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters. 17
8.1 Modulation and carrier keying . 17
8.2 Frequency error. 17
8.2.1 Definition. 17
8.2.2 Method of measurement. 17
8.2.3 Limits . 17
8.3 Output field strength (H-field) . 18
8.3.1 Definition. 18
8.3.2 Method of measurement. 18
8.3.3 Limits . 18
8.4 Spurious emissions . 18
8.4.1 Definition. 18
8.4.2 H-field strength . 18
8.4.2.1 Method of measurement (< 30 MHz) . 18
8.4.2.2 Limits. 19
8.4.3 Effective radiated power . 19
8.4.3.1 Method of measurement (≥ 30 MHz) . 19
8.4.3.2 Limits. 20
9 Methods of measurement and limits for receiver parameters . 20
9.1 Receiver sensitivity. 20
9.1.1 Definition. 20
9.1.2 Method of measurement. 20
9.1.3 Limits . 21
9.2 Changes in the received signal . 21
9.2.1 Definition. 21
9.2.2 Requirement . 21
10 Measurement uncertainty . 21
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurements. 22
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 22
A.1.1 Outdoor test site. 22
A.1.1.1 Test support for body worn equipment . 22
A.1.1.2 Standard position. 23
A.1.2 Test antenna . 23
A.1.2.1 Below 30 MHz. 23
A.1.2.2 Above 30 MHz . 23
A.1.3 Substitution antenna. 23
A.1.4 Optional additional indoor site . 24
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 25
A.2.1 Measuring distance . 25
A.2.2 Test antenna . 25
A.2.3 Substitution antenna. 25
A.2.4 Artificial antenna. 25
A.2.5 Auxiliary cables . 25
A.3 Further optional alternative indoor test site using an anechoic chamber . 25
A.3.1 Example of the construction of a shielded anechoic chamber. 26
A.3.2 Influence of parasitic reflections in anechoic chambers. 26
A.3.3 Calibration of the shielded RF anechoic chamber . 26

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Annex B (normative): Spurious limits, H-field at 10 m distances .29
Annex C (normative): Simulated solar radiation source .30
Annex D (informative): E-fields in the near field at low frequencies.31
History.33

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Foreword
This European Telecommunication Standard (ETS) has been produced by the Radio Equipment and
Systems (RES) Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
Transposition dates
Date of adoption: 21 February 1997
Date of latest announcement of this ETS (doa): 30 June 1997
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this ETS (dop/e): 31 December 1997
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 31 December 1997
Introduction
There are currently two frequency allocations for the radio location of avalanche victims:
- 2 275 Hz; and
- 457 kHz.
It is expected that the allocation at 2 275 Hz will be removed after a transition period. This ETS therefore
covers dual-frequency equipment and equipment intended to operate on 457 kHz only.
It is the purpose of this ETS to ensure the practical interoperability and reliability of products from different
manufacturers.

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1 Scope
This European Telecommunication Standard (ETS) standard covers requirements for avalanche beacons.
Avalanche beacons are radio location systems used for searching for and/or finding avalanche victims, for
the purpose of direct rescue.
These systems comprise a transmitter as well as a receiver part.
This ETS distinguishes between two types of beacons:
- type 1: single frequency beacons (457 kHz);
- type 2: double frequency beacons (2 275 Hz and 457 kHz) temporary type, compatible to
beacons with frequency 2 275 Hz.
2 Normative references
This ETS incorporates by dated and undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications
apply to this ETS only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest
edition of the publication referred to applies.
[1] ETR 028: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Uncertainties in the
measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
[2] CISPR 16-1: "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus and methods; Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus".
[3] Radio Regulations (1994).
3 Definitions, abbreviations and symbols
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this ETS, the following definitions apply:
artificial antenna: A tuned reduced-radiating dummy load equal to the nominal impedance specified by
the applicant.
conducted measurements: Measurements which are made using a direct connection to the equipment
under test.
E-field: The electric component of the field measured as voltage per unit length.
H-field: The magnetic component of the field measured as current per unit length.
H-field test antenna: An electrically screened loop or equivalent antenna, with which the magnetic
component of the field can be measured.
identification system: Equipment consisting of a transmitter(s), receiver(s) (or a combination of the two)
and an antenna(e) to identify a transponder.
integral antenna: An antenna designed as an indispensable part of the equipment, with or without the
use of an antenna connector.
portable station: Equipment intended to be carried.

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radiated measurements: Measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field.
S/N ratio: The ratio, expressed in decibels, between the wanted signal and the noise floor.
type 1: An avalanche beacon intended to operate on 457 kHz only.
type 2: An avalanche beacon intended to operate on both 2 275 Hz and 457 kHz.
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this ETS, the following abbreviation applies:
RF Radio Frequency
3.3 Symbols
For the purposes of this ETS, the following symbols apply:
A1A Class of emission (Radio Regulations [3], Article 4, Regulations 270-273)
E Electrical field strength
Eo Reference electrical field strength, (see annex A)
f Frequency
H Magnetic field strength
Ho Reference magnetic field strength, (see annex A)
N Newton
P Power
R Distance
Ro Reference distance, (see annex A)
t Time
Z Wave impedance
λ Wavelength (see annex A)
4 General
4.1 Presentation of equipment for testing
Each equipment submitted for conformance testing shall fulfil the requirements of this ETS on all
frequencies over which it is intended to operate.
The applicant shall supply all relevant ancillary equipment needed for testing.
The applicant should also supply an operating manual for the device(s).
4.2 Mechanical and electrical design
4.2.1 General
The equipment shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance with good engineering
practice, and with the aim of minimizing harmful interference to other equipment and services.
Transmitter and receiver shall be combined in one unit and be capable of being attached to the user's
clothing.
The equipment shall be portable and capable of being used for rescue operations, caused by avalanche,
between persons that are in snowy, arctic areas or in similar areas.

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The equipment shall in one unit comprise at least:
- an transmitter/receiver including antenna and battery;
- a control unit including an on/off switch; and
- an internal loudspeaker and/or earphone.
The equipment with battery shall not weigh more than 200 g.
4.2.2 Controls and indicators
The equipment shall have the following controls:
- on/off switch for the equipment with a visual indication that the equipment is switched on;
- an audio-frequency power volume control;
- a sensitivity control; and
- battery indicator.
4.2.3 Switching over from transmit to receive
The equipment shall permit reliable and fast switchover from transmit to the receive mode, without danger
of unintentionally turning off the device.
The transmit mode shall include a safety feature against involuntary turn off.
4.2.4 Battery type
The equipment shall use a widely obtained battery type.
4.2.5 Operating time
The equipment equipped with a new set of batteries recommended by the manufacturer shall be capable
to operate for a minimum of 200 hours of continuous transmission during normal temperature conditions,
see subclause 5.3.1.
4.2.6 Battery check
The equipment shall include a battery check feature.
4.2.7 Carrying system
The equipment shall include a carrying system that gives the possibility for easy operation and safety
placing. The carrying system can be a part of the equipment or an accessory device. The carrying system
shall have a joint tensile strength of at least 50 N.
4.2.8 Frequencies and power
The equipment shall operate on the following nominal frequencies in the transmit as well as in the receive
mode:
- type 1: f = 457 kHz;
- type 2: f = 2 275 Hz and f = 457 kHz.
After switch on the equipment shall be operational within 5 seconds.

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4.2.9 Operating instructions
Operating instructions shall be delivered with every equipment. They shall cover the following subjects:
a) a statement on avalanche danger;
b) instruction for checking the battery, transmitter and receiver performance and range;
c) instructions for turning on the transmitter and strapping the beacon to the body;
d) instructions for changing to the receive mode and the search strategy (coarse search and fine
search);
e) instructions for changing back to the transmit mode, in particular in the case of secondary
avalanche;
f) a statement on the temperature sensitivity of essential parts;
g) a statement on the battery lifetime;
h) device-specific measures on a tour.
4.2.10 Equipment identification and short form operating instruction
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible, tamper-proof and durable.
The marking shall include:
- the name of the manufacturer or his trade mark;
- the type designation.
A short form of the operating instructions shall be printed onto the case. The printing shall be clearly
visible and abrasion proof. Also, the proper positioning of the batteries shall be indicated.
4.3 Interpretation of the measurement results
The interpretation of the results recorded in the appropriate test report for the measurements described in
this ETS shall be as follows:
- the measured value related to the corresponding limit shall be used to decide whether an
equipment meets the requirements of this ETS;
- the measurement uncertainty value for the measurement of each parameter shall be separately
included in the test report;
- the recorded value of the measurement uncertainly shall be, for each measurement, equal to or
lower than the figures in the table of measurement uncertainty in clause 10.
5 Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures
5.1 Normal and extreme test conditions
Type testing shall be made under normal test conditions, and also, where stated, under extreme test
conditions.
The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in subclauses 5.2 to 5.4.

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5.2 External test power source
During type tests, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by an external test power source
capable of producing normal and extreme test voltages as specified in subclauses 5.3.2. and 5.4.2. The
internal impedance of the external test power source shall be low enough for its effect on the test results
to be negligible. For the purpose of the tests, the voltage of the external test power source shall be
measured at the input terminals of the equipment.
The battery shall be removed and the external test power source shall be suitably de-coupled and applied
as close to the equipment battery terminals as practicable. For radiated measurements fully charged
internal batteries should be used. The batteries used should be as supplied or recommended by the
applicant.
During tests the external test power source voltages shall be within a tolerance ±1 % relative to the
voltage at the beginning of each test.
5.3 Normal test conditions
5.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity
The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of
temperature and humidity within the following ranges:
- temperature: +15 °C to +35 °C;
- relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %.
When it is impracticable to carry out tests under these conditions, a note to this effect, stating the ambient
temperature and relative humidity during the tests, shall be added to the test report.
5.3.2 Normal test voltage
The normal test voltage shall be declared by the applicant. The values shall be stated in the test report.
5.4 Extreme test conditions
5.4.1 Extreme temperatures
The extreme test temperatures shall be -30 °C to +45 °C.
5.4.2 Extreme test voltages
The extreme test voltages shall be declared by the applicant.
5.4.3 Procedure for tests at extreme temperatures
Before measurements are made the equipment shall have reached thermal balance in the test chamber.
The equipment shall be switched off during the temperature stabilizing period.
In the case of equipment containing temperature stabilization circuits designed to operate continuously,
the temperature stabilization circuits shall be switched on for 15 minutes after thermal balance has been
obtained, and the equipment shall then meet the specified requirements.
If the thermal balance is not checked by measurements, a temperature stabilizing period of at least one
hour, or such period as may be decided by the accredited test laboratory, shall be allowed. The sequence
of measurements shall be chosen, and the humidity content in the test chamber shall be controlled so that
excessive condensation does not occur.

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5.4.3.1 Procedure for equipment designed for intermittent operation
The test procedure shall be as follows:
- before tests at the upper extreme temperature the equipment shall be placed in the test chamber
and left until thermal balance is attained in the oven. The equipment shall then be switched on in
the transmit position condition for a period of one minute, followed by a period in the off or standby
mode for four minutes;
- for tests at the lower extreme temperature, the equipment shall be left in the test chamber until
thermal balance is attained, then switched to the standby or receive condition for one minute.
6 General conditions
6.1 Normal test signals
Tests on the transmitter shall be performed with the equipment switched on in the transmit condition.
For tests on the receiver, the test signal shall be an A1A signal modulated as indicated in subclause 8.1.
6.2 Test fixture
A test fixture shall be supplied by the applicant to enable extreme temperature measurements to be
made, where applicable. The test fixture shall couple to the generated electromagnetic field from the
equipment under test without disturbing the operation of the said device. The test fixture shall be provided
with a 50 Ω standard connector, where the generated field can be sampled.
The test laboratory shall calibrate the test fixture by carrying out the required field measurements at
normal temperatures at the prescribed test site and then by repeating the same measurements on the
equipment under test using the test fixture for all identified frequency components.
The test fixture is only required for extreme temperature measurements and shall be calibrated only with
the equipment under test.
6.3 Test sites and general arrangements for radiated measurements
For guida
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