SIST-TP CLC/TR 50083-5-1:2009

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CLC/TR 50083-5-1:2009
01-julij-2009
Kabelska omrežja za televizijske in zvokovne signale ter interaktivne storitve - 5-1.
del: Prehodi IP in vmesniki za glavne sprejemne postaje
Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive services - Part 5-1:
IP gateways and interfaces for headends
Kabelnetze für Fernsehsignale, Tonsignale und interaktive Dienste - Teil 5-1: IP-
Gateways und -Schnittstellen für Kopfstellen
Réseaux de distribution par câbles pour signaux de télévision, signaux de radiodiffusion
sonore et services interactifs - Partie 5-1: Passerelles IP et interfaces pour les têtes de
réseau
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CLC/TR 50083-5-1:2009
ICS:
33.060.40 Kabelski razdelilni sistemi Cabled distribution systems
SIST-TP CLC/TR 50083-5-1:2009 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TP CLC/TR 50083-5-1:2009

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SIST-TP CLC/TR 50083-5-1:2009

TECHNICAL REPORT
CLC/TR 50083-5-1

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
April 2009
TECHNISCHER BERICHT

ICS 33.060.40


English version


Cable networks for television signals,
sound signals and interactive services -
Part 5-1: IP gateways and interfaces for headends



Réseaux de distribution par câbles  Kabelnetze für Fernsehsignale,
pour signaux de télévision, Tonsignale und interaktive Dienste -
signaux de radiodiffusion sonore Teil 5-1: IP-Gateways
et services interactifs - und -Schnittstellen für Kopfstellen
Partie 5-1: Passerelles IP
et interfaces pour les têtes de réseau






This Technical Report was approved by CENELEC on 2009-03-13.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.





CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels


© 2009 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. CLC/TR 50083-5-1:2009 E

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Foreword
This Technical Report was prepared by the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 209, Cable networks
for television signals, sound signals and interactive services.
The text of the draft was submitted to vote in accordance with the Internal Regulations, Part 2,
Subclause 11.4.3.3 (simple majority) and was approved by CENELEC as CLC/TR 50083-5-1 on
2009-03-13.
__________

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Contents
1 Scope . 5
1.1 General scope . 5
1.2 Specific scope of this Technical Report . 5
2 Normative references. 7
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Terms and definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviations .10
4 Application of IP transmission in cable networks .12
4.1 Introduction .12
4.2 Transmission from central headends to sub-headends .13
4.3 Transmission via sub-headends into regional and local networks .14
5 MPEG transport streams .16
5.1 Introduction .16
5.2 Programme Specific Information tables (PSI) and Service Information tables (SI) .16
5.3 Programme Clock Reference (PCR) .18
5.4 Null packets .19
5.5 Constant Bit Rate (CBR) vs. Variable Bit Rate (VBR) .19
6 Encapsulation of MPEG-2 transport streams .19
6.1 Principles of encapsulation .19
6.2 Payload data rate .20
6.3 The Ethernet interface according to ISO/IEC 8802-3 (IEEE 802.3) standards .21
6.4 Internet protocols .27
Bibliography .31
Figures
Figure 1 – Examples of IP gateways/interfaces at the input of headends . 6
Figure 2 – Examples of IP gateways/interfaces at the output of headends . 6
Figure 3 – IP transmission chain . 12
Figure 4 – Central headend with internal IP connections (Ethernet) . 13
Figure 5 – Central headend with internal ASI connections . 14
Figure 6 – Gateway function of sub-headends with internal IP connections (Ethernet) . 15
Figure 7 – Gateway function of sub-headends with internal ASI connections . 15
Figure 8 – Overview PSI/SI tables . 17
Figure 9 – Principle of MPEG-2 transport stream encapsulation . 19
Figure 10 – Encapsulation of n MPEG-2 transport stream packets . 20
Figure 11 – Useful data rate for MPEG-2 transport streams on a Gigabit Ethernet
connection . 21
Figure 12 – RJ 45 connector for use with 10Base-T and 100Base-T Ethernet systems . 23
Figure 13 – Duplex-able LC connectivity configuration with an example of polarity
identification for Ethernet systems. . 26
Figure 14 – Duplex SC connectivity configuration for Ethernet systems . 26

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Figure 15 – Principle of unicast connection . 27
Figure 16 – Principle of multicast connection . 28
Figure 17 – Structure of IGMP headers . 29

Tables
Table 1 – Parameters of 10Base-T and 100Base-T Ethernet systems . 22
Table 2 – Parameters of 1000Base-T and 10GEBase-T Ethernet systems . 23
Table 3 – Connector pin assignments for 10Base-T and 100Base-T Ethernet systems . 24
Table 4 – Connector pin assignment for 1000Base-T Ethernet system . 24
Table 5 – Parameters of Ethernet systems for all-silica multimode fibres . 25
Table 6 – Parameters of Ethernet systems for all-silica singlemode fibres . 25
Table 7 – Reserved addresses for IP multicast . 29
Table 8 – Message types . 30

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1 Scope
1.1 General scope
Standards of the EN 60728 series deal with cable networks including equipment and associated
methods of measurement for headend reception, processing and distribution of television signals,
sound signals and their associated data signals and for processing, interfacing and transmitting all
kinds of signals for interactive services using all applicable transmission media.
This includes
1)
• CATV -networks,
• MATV-networks and SMATV-networks,
• individual receiving networks
and all kinds of equipment, systems and installations installed in such networks.
The extent of this standardisation work is from the antennas and/or special signal source inputs to the
headend or other interface points to the network up to the terminal input.
The standardisation of any user terminals (i.e., tuners, receivers, decoders, multimedia terminals, etc.)
as well as of any coaxial, balanced and optical cables and accessories thereof is excluded.
1.2 Specific scope of this Technical Report
This Technical Report is an adjunct to the EN 60728/EN 50083 standards series and describes the
characteristics of equipment which is used for the connection of IP based networks to and from
headends such as described in EN 60728-5. Specifications from the transmission standard
ETSI TS 102 034 are taken into account where applicable. The content of the data streams can be
digital video, audio or other digital data.
This Technical Report describes the necessary characteristics and parameters of equipment such as
IP gateways or IP interfaces on equipment at the input of headends (Figure 1) as well as at the output
of headends (Figure 2).
Equipment at the input of headends can be either IP gateways which enable the connection to a
DVB-ASI headend infrastructure according EN 50083-9 or, in the case of modular headend systems
can also be single equipment with IP interfaces such as DVB modulators, transcoders, multiplexers
and FM radio processors as shown in Figure 1. Edge devices are also covered by this technical
report.

———————
1)
This word encompasses the HFC networks used nowadays to provide telecommunications services, voice, data, audio and
video both broadcast and narrowcast.

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Figure 1 – Examples of IP gateways/interfaces at the input of headends
Equipment at the output of headends can be either IP gateways which enable the connection from
DVB-ASI interfaces according EN 50083-9 to IP based networks or, in the case of modular headend
systems, can also be single equipment with IP interfaces such as encoders, multiplexers and switches
as shown in Figure 2.
RF IP
IRD
ASI
IP
IP Gateway
Data
Video IP
Audio
Encoder
ASI
IP
or
IP
Multiplexer

Figure 2 – Examples of IP gateways/interfaces at the output of central headends
The scope of this Technical Report covers all three quality grades as defined in EN 60728-5.

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2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 50083-9 Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive
services - Part 9: Interfaces for CATV/SMATV headends and similar
professional equipment for DVB/MPEG-2 transport streams
EN 60728-5 Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and interactive
services - Part 5: Headend equipment
Fibre optic connector interfaces -- Part 20: Type LC connector
EN 61754-20
family
ETSI EN 300 468 Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);Specification for Service
Information (SI) in DVB systems
ETSI TS 101 154 Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);Specification for the use of Video
and Audio Coding in Broadcasting Applications based on the
MPEG-2 Transport Stream
ETSI TS 102 034 Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);Transport of MPEG-2 TS Based
DVB Services over IP Based Networks
IEC 60874-19 (series) Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components -
Connectors for optical fibres and cables - Part 19: Fibre optic
connectors type duplex SC
Information technology - Telecommunications and information
ISO/IEC 8802-3:2000
exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks
2)
- Specific requirements - Part 3: Carrier sense multiple access with
(IEEE 802.3-2005 )
collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer
specifications
ISO/IEC 11801 Information technology - Generic cabling for customer premises
+ Amendment 1
ISO/IEC 13818-1 Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio information: Systems
ISO/IEC 13818-2 Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio information: Video
ISO/IEC 13818-3 Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and
associated audio information - Part 3: Audio
———————
2)
The last edition of IEEE 802.3 was published in 2005 with several corrections and amendments published in 2006 and 2007.
Information on the actual version could be found at http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.3.html.
Information on the structure of document IEEE 802.3 is provided in the Bibliography of this Technical Report.

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3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE Terms and definitions defined in the IEV (IEC 60050-723 and IEC 60050-732) are used as far as possible.
3.1.1
central headend
headend from which signals are delivered to regional or local headends via a long-distance link
3.1.2
client
functional unit that receives services from a server
[IEV 732-01-12]
3.1.3
Ethernet frame
ISO/IEC 8802-3 standard (IEEE 802.3) defines a basic data frame format and several additional
optional formats that are used to extend the protocol's basic capability. The basic data frame format
contains seven data fields shown in Figure 9
3.1.4
frame-check sequence
CRC check-sum to detect transmission failures
3.1.5
gateway
functional unit that connects two computer networks with different network architectures
EXAMPLES – LAN gateway, mail gateway.
NOTE The computer networks may be either local area networks, wide area networks, or other types of networks.
[IEV 732-01-16]
3.1.6
headend
equipment, which is connected between receiving antennas or other signal sources and the remainder
of the cable network, to process the signals to be distributed
[IEV 723-09-11, modified]
NOTE  The headend may, for example, comprise antenna amplifiers, frequency converters, combiners, separators and
generators.
3.1.7
header
supplemental data placed at the beginning of payload data being transmitted; a header contains
information for the handling of a data block
3.1.8
inter-frame gap
IFG
Ethernet devices must allow a minimum idle period between transmissions of Ethernet frames. This
period is called the inter-frame gap (IFG). The minimum inter-frame gap is 96 bit times
3.1.9
IP backbone network
the top level of a network infrastructure that interconnects various networks; mostly, the transmission
capacity (bandwidth) of the backbone is greater than that of the networks connected to it

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3.1.10
IP headend
headend comprising at least one IP gateway/interface at the input and/or at the output
3.1.11
local headend
headend having stand-alone signal acquisition or fed from central headend; distribution to hubsites via
optical or RF trunks
3.1.12
maximum transmission unit
MTU
maximum packet size (in bytes) that a given layer can transmit
3.1.13
MPEG-2
refers to the ISO/IEC 13818 series. System coding is defined in ISO/IEC 13818-1, video coding in
ISO/IEC 13818-2, audio coding in ISO/IEC 13818-3
3.1.14
multicast
connection between a single transmitter and multiple receivers (point-to-multipoint)
3.1.15
payload
part of a data packet, which carries the useful information
3.1.16
real-time transmission protocol
RTP
defines a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over the Internet; services
provided by RTP include e.g.: sequence numbering - allow the detection of out of order packets and
packet loss, time stamping - allow synchronization and jitter calculations
3.1.17
router
functional unit that establishes a path through one or more computer networks
NOTE In OSI conforming computer networks, a router operates at the network layer.
[IEV 732-01-17]
3.1.18
server
functional unit that provides services to workstations, to personal computers or to other functional units
in a computer network
EXAMPLES – A file server, a print server, a mail server
[IEV 732-01-11]
3.1.19
service information
SI
digital data describing the delivery system, content and scheduling/timing of broadcast data streams,
etc. including MPEG-2 PSI together with independently defined extensions
3.1.20
socket
combination of IP address and port number

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3.1.21
transport stream
TS
data structure defined in ISO/IEC 13818-1 which is the basis of the digital video broadcasting (DVB)
related standards
3.1.22
unicast
connection between a single transmitter and receiver (point-to-point)
3.1.23
user datagram protocol
UDP
one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite; UDP uses ports to allow application-to-
application communication
3.2 Abbreviations
AII_D All Designated
AII_SPF All Shortest Path First
ASI Asynchronous Serial Interface
ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee
BAT Bouquet Association Table
CAT Conditional Access Table
CAT.3 Category 3 (components, e.g. cable and connecting hardware)
CAT.5 Category 5 (components, e.g. cable and connecting hardware)
CAT.6A Category 6A (components, e.g. cable and connecting hardware)
CATV Community Antenna Television
CBR Constant Bit Rate
CD Collision Detection
CHE Central Headend
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DVB Digital Video Broadcast
DVB-C
Digital Video Broadcast, Cable
DVB-S
Digital Video Broadcast, Satellite
DVB-S2
Digital Video Broadcast, Satellite 2nd generation
DVB-T
Digital Video Broadcast, Terrestrial
DVMRP Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
EIT Event Information Table
EMM Entitlement Management Message
EPG Electronic Programme Guide
FCS Frame Check Sequence
FEC Forward Error Correction
FM Frequency Modulation
GigE Gigabit Ethernet
HE Headend

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HFC Hybrid Fibre Coax
IF Intermediate Frequency
IFG Inter-Frame Gap
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
IHL IP Header Length
IP Internet Protocol
IRD Integrated Receiver Decoder
LLC Logical Link Control
MAC Media Access Control
MATV Master Antenna Television
MAU Medium Attachment Unit
MDI Medium Dependent Interface
MOSPF Multicast Open Shortest Path First
MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group
MPEG-2 Motion Picture Experts Group (specification 2)
MPEG-4 Motion Picture Experts Group (specification 4)
MPTS Multi Programme Transport Stream
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit
NIT Network Information Table
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
PAL Phase-Alternating-Line
PAT Programme Association Table
PCR Programme Clock Reference
PID Packet Identifier
PIM Protocol Independent Multicast
PMA Physical Medium Attachment
PMT Programme Map Table
PSI Programme Specific Information
PTS Presentation Time Stamp
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
RF Radio Frequency
RFC Request For Comment
RHE Regional Headend
RST Running Status Table
RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol
SDT Service Description Table
SFD Start-of-Frame Delimiter
SI Service Information
SMATV Satellite Master Antenna Television
SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
SPF Shortest Path First
SPTS Single Programme Transport Stream
TDT Time Date Table

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TOT Time Offset Table
TS Transport Stream
TSDT Transport Stream Description Table
TTL Time To Life
TV Television
TX Transmitter
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UCT Universal Coordinated Time
U/UTP Unscreened cable with Unscreened Twisted Pairs
VBR Variable Bit Rate
VoD Video on Demand
4 Application of IP transmission in cable networks
4.1 Introduction
The application of IP technology in headends described in this Technical Report refers mainly to IP
based transmission from a central headend to local or regional headends (sub headends) as shown in
Figure 3.
Basically this Technical Report describes the necessary encapsulation of digital TV programmes, radio
programmes and other content for transmission over IP based networks (Gigabit Ethernet/GigE) as
specified in ETSI TS 102 034. Figure 3 shows the typical network structure.

Broadcast
(satellite,
RHE
terrestrial)
Regional,
or other

local HFC
sources
Central
Regional
network
Headend
Headend

(CHE)
(RHE)

RHE
Ethernet


Figure 3 – IP transmission chain
To support optimum capacity management in different parts of the IP backbone network, multicast
group generation is taken into account.
Multicast group generation and dynamic multicast group generation via IGMP are described in 6.4.1.2
and 6.4.2 respectively.
Unicast, which is described in 6.4.1.1 may be used in local IP networks, where sufficient capacity is
available.

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For smaller local headends with their own satellite or terrestrial reception, the same kind of IP
encapsulation may be performed, in principal, as for central headends (encapsulation of MPEG2
transport streams into IP streams according to ETSI TS 102034). In this document other
encapsulation methods are not taken into account.
Interactive applications, implying the usual IP request, control and streaming protocols between local
headends and end-user equipment are not described in this Technical Report.
4.2 Transmission from central headends to sub-headends
The content is usually fed into the supra-regional backbone network via a central headend. This
central headend receives satellite (DVB-S/-S2) and terrestrial signals (DVB-T), performs the required
signal aggregation and converts them to IP format. The physical layer is usually Ethernet (Figure 4).
Within the central headend MPEG-2-TS connections (ASI) may be used instead of IP (Figure 5).


DVB
IP


Satellite, Switch
DVB

IP

Terrestrial
If necessary,

additional
content
Ethernet
aggregation
such as
remux,

MPEG-2/
MPEG-4
DVB

IP

transcoding
etc.


Others

Figure 4 – Central headend with internal IP connections (Ethernet)
In addition to the received satellite and terrestrial signals further content like VoD and other
applications may be supplied. The payload is usually MPEG-2 transport stream format, where two
types of streams exist:
• “Single-Programme Transport Stream” (SPTS)
• “Multi-Programme Transport Stream” (MPTS)
In 6.1 the encapsulation of MPEG-2 transport streams is described in detail.
For example a payload of DVB-S/-S2 transponders or DVB-T channels, which are fed in their entirety
into the IP network, are transmitted as MPTS streams.

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SPTS transmission is usually feasible for generating programme based multicast groups for different
sections of the IP network and which may help to reduce the required transmission capacity. Generally
the conversion into SPTS streams may be applied in local headends which directly interact with end
user equipment.


DVB
ASI


Satellite, Gateway
DVB
ASI


Terrestrial
If necessary,
additional
content

Ethernet
aggregation
such as

remux,
MPEG-2/

MPEG-4
DVB
ASI

transcoding
etc.


Others

Figure 5 – Central headend with internal ASI connections
4.3 Transmission via sub-headends into regional and local networks
Sub-headends are here acting as gateway from the Ethernet backbone to a regional HFC or coaxial
network (Figure 6).
The incoming IP stream is first distributed via a switch to several outputs each allocated to a headend
unit. The MPEG-2 transport stream is then de-capsulated from IP and re-modulated to DVB (DVB-C or
possibly DVB-T) and is then available at the output of the headend. Alternatively DVB modulators may
directly receive MPEG-2 transport streams delivered by a gateway, usually via an ASI connection
(Figure 7).
If only the retransmission of delivered MPTS is required, no further re-multiplexing in the regional
headend is necessary. If content reconfiguration is necessary or SPTS streams are delivered then
re-multiplexing may be needed.
Additionally the decapsulated MPEG-2 transport streams may be demultiplexed into single
programme streams to be transcoded into analogue PAL and FM programmes.
NOTE This transcoding will introduce distortions and impairments that may reduce the quality of the signal.
Sub-headends may add local content (for example VoD) or locally received content (satellite,
terrestrial), but this issue is not considered further in this Technical Report.

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IP DVB


IP DVB



Ethernet
HFC
Remux
IP DVB


Switch


IP PAL


Demux, Transcoding

IP FM


Figure 6 – Gateway function of sub-headends with internal IP connections (Ethernet)


ASI
DVB


ASI
DVB




Ethernet HFC

Remux
ASI
DVB

Gateway



ASI
PAL


Demux, Transcoding

ASI FM

Figure 7 – Gateway function of sub-headends with internal ASI connections

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5 MPEG transport streams
5.1 Introduction
The MPEG transport stream is a communications protocol for audio, video, and data which is specified
in the standard ISO/IEC 13818-1 (MPEG-2, Part 1, Systems). Its design goal is to allow multiplexing of
digital video and audio and to synchronize the output. Transport streams offer features for error
correction for transportation over unreliable media, and are used in broadcast applications such as
DVB and ATSC.
The basic unit of data in a MPEG transport stream is a packet. It consists of a sync byte, whose value
is 0x47, followed by three one-bit flags and a 13-bit packet identifier (PID). This is followed by a 4-bit
continuity counter. Additional optional transport fields, as signalled in the optional adaptation field, may
follow. The rest of the packet consists of payload. Packets are 188 bytes in length, but the
communication medium may add some error correction bytes to the packet (e.g. DVB-ASI uses
204 bytes, see EN 50083-9).
The transport stream is able to transmit one programme or a group of programmes. A single
programme is described by a programme map table (PMT) which has a unique PID, and the
elementary streams associated with that programme have PIDs listed in the PMT. For instance, a
transport stream used in digital television might contain three programmes, to represent three
television channels. Suppose each channel consists of one video stream, one or two audio streams,
and any necessary metadata. In this case we have a multiple programme transport stream (MPTS). If
there is only one programme in the transport stream it is a single programme transport stream (SPTS).
5.2 Programme Specific Information tables (PSI) and Service Information tables (SI)
5.2.1 Definition
Programme specific information tables (PSI) and service information tables (SI) describe the content
of the transport stream. The MPEG-2 standard d
...