Transportation loads - Measurement and analysis of dynamic mechanical loads - Part 4: Data evaluation

This standard presents guidelines for instruments, procedures and parameters, to analyse dynamic data.  It is assumed that the person performing the analyses disposes of appropriate digital FFT signal processors or FFT computers.
The guidelines are also applicable for other types of signal processing procedures, as long as the analysing parameters are equivalent.  Such other procedures contain correlation algorithms (i.e. "Blackman-Tuckey), digital band pass filter algorithms or heterodyne techniques.
An outline of the data analysis procedures covered in this section is presented in figure 1.

Transportbelastungen - Messen und Auswerten von mechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen - Teil 4: Datenauswertung

Diese Norm enthält Leitlinien für die Instrumente, Verfahren und Parameter, die bei der Auswertung dynamischer Daten eingesetzt werden. Es wird vorausgesetzt, dass die Person, die die Auswertungen durchführt, über geeignete FFT-Signalverarbeitungsprozessoren oder FFT-Rechner verfügt.
Diese Leitlinien gelten auch für andere Arten von Signalverarbeitungsverfahren, solange die Auswertungs¬parameter gleichwertig sind. Derartige andere Verfahren enthalten Korrelationsalgorithmen (z. B. nach Blackman-Tuckey), digitale Bandpassfilter-Algorithmen oder Überlagerungstechniken.
Ein Überblick über die in diesem Teil beschriebenen Datenauswertungsverfahren ist in Bild 1 dargestellt.

Charges de transport - Mesurage et analyse des charges mécaniques dynamiques - Partie 4 : Evaluation des données

La présente norme donne des directives relatives aux instruments, aux procédures et aux paramètres utilisés pour analyser les données dynamiques. Il est supposé que la personne qui effectue les analyses dispose de processeurs de signaux TFR numériques ou d’ordinateurs TFR appropriés.
Ces directives sont également applicables à d’autres types de procédures de traitement des signaux, tant que les paramètres d’analyse sont équivalents. Ces autres procédures contiennent des algorithmes de corrélation, par exemple de Blackman-Tuckey, des algorithmes de filtre de passe-bande numériques ou des techniques hétérodynes.
Un plan des procédures d’analyse de données prises en compte dans la présente section est illustré à la Figure 1.

Obremenitve pri transportu - Merjenje in analiza dinamično mehanskih obremenitev - 4. del: Vrednotenje podatkov

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
08-Jan-2008
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
03-Jan-2008
Due Date
09-Mar-2008
Completion Date
09-Jan-2008

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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Transportation loads - Measurement and analysis of dynamic mechanical loads - Part 4: Data evaluationNLKCharges de transport - Mesurage et analyse des charges mécaniques dynamiques - Partie 4 : Evaluation des donnéesTransportbelastungen - Messen und Auswerten von mechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen - Teil 4: DatenauswertungTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15433-4:2007SIST EN 15433-4:2008en,de55.180.01ICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 15433-4:200801-februar-2008







EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 15433-4December 2007ICS 55.180.01 English VersionTransportation loads - Measurement and evaluation of dynamicmechanical loads - Part 4: Data evaluationCharges de transport - Mesurage et analyse des chargesmécaniques dynamiques - Partie 4: Evaluation desdonnéesTransportbelastungen - Messen und Auswerten vonmechanisch-dynamischen Belastungen - Teil 4:DatenauswertungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 October 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15433-4:2007: E



EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.5 Introduction.6 1 Scope.7 2 Normative references.9 3 Measured signals.9 3.1 Instantaneous values.9 3.2 Average values.9 3.2.1 General.9 3.2.2 Instruments and software.10 3.2.3 Types of averaging.10 3.2.4 Averaging time and sampling errors.10 3.3 Synchronous averaging.11 3.3.1 General.11 3.3.2 Instruments and software.12 3.3.3 Triggering procedures.12 3.3.4 Signal-to-noise enhancement.12 3.4 Filtered signals.13 3.4.1 General.13 3.4.2 Analogue filtering.13 3.4.3 Digital filtering.14 4 Data classification.14 4.1 General.14 4.2 Time dependence.14 4.2.1 General.14 4.2.2 Stationary or steady-state data.14 4.2.3 Non-stationary data.15 4.2.4 Transient data.16 4.2.5 Physical considerations.16 4.3 Randomness.17 4.3.1 General.17 4.3.2 Identification of periodic components.17 4.3.3 Separation of random and periodic components.17 4.4 Normality.18 4.4.1 General.18 4.4.2 Test for normality.18 4.4.3 Spurious deviations from normality.18 5 Single channel spectral analysis/periodic and random data.18 5.1 FFT algorithms.19 5.1.1 General.19 5.1.2 Number of data values.19 5.1.3 Redundant components.19 5.1.4 Leakage and tapering.20 5.1.5 Spectral bandwidth.21 5.2 Periodic data.22 5.2.1 General.22 5.2.2 Instruments and software.22 5.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters.23 5.2.4 Leakage and tapering.23 5.2.5 Frequency resolution.23 5.2.6 Resolution error corrections.23 5.2.7 Statistical sampling errors.25



EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 3 5.2.8 Plotting.25 5.3 Stationary random data.25 5.3.1 General.25 5.3.2 Instruments and software.27 5.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters.27 5.3.4 Leakage and tapering.27 5.3.5 Frequency resolution.27 5.3.6 Resolution error corrections.29 5.3.7 Statistical sampling errors.29 5.3.8 Overlapped processing.30 5.3.9 Zoom transforms.31 5.3.10 Plotting.31 5.4 Non-stationary data.31 5.4.1 General.31 5.4.2 Random signals.31 5.4.3 Time codes.32 5.5 Proportional bandwidth spectra.33 5.5.1 General.33 5.5.2 1/3-octave band spectra.33 5.5.3 Other proportional bandwidth spectra.33 6 Single channel spectral analysis/transient data.33 6.1 General.33 6.2 Fourier spectra.34 6.2.1 General.34 6.2.2 Instruments and software.34 6.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters.34 6.2.4 Leakage and tapering.34 6.2.5 Frequency resolution.35 6.2.6 Resolution error corrections.35 6.2.7 Statistical sampling errors.36 6.2.8 Plotting.36 6.3 Energy spectra.36 6.3.1 General.36 6.3.2 Instruments and software.37 6.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters.37 6.3.4 Leakage and tapering.37 6.3.5 Frequency resolution.37 6.3.6 Resolution error corrections.37 6.3.7 Statistical sampling errors.37 6.3.8 Plotting.37 6.4 Shock response spectra (SRS).37 6.4.1 General.37 6.4.2 Interpretation of SRS results.40 6.4.3 Presentation of SRS results.40 6.4.4 Instruments and software.41 6.4.5 Anti-aliasing filters.41 6.4.6 Sampling rate.41 6.4.7 Truncation error.41 6.4.8 Initial conditions.41 6.4.9 Frequency resolution.41 6.4.10 Resolution error corrections.41 6.4.11 Statistical sampling errors.42 6.4.12 Plotting.42 6.4.13 Other SRS computations.42 7 Dual channel analysis.43 7.1 General.43 7.2 Cross-spectra.43 7.2.1 General.43 7.2.2 Instruments and software.44 7.2.3 Anti-aliasing filters.44



EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 4 7.2.4 Leakage and tapering.44 7.2.5 Frequency resolution.45 7.2.6 Resolution error corrections.45 7.2.7 Time delay bias error.45 7.2.8 Multiple path (reverberation) bias error.46 7.2.9 Statistical sampling errors.46 7.2.10 Overlapped processing.47 7.2.11 Zoom transforms.47 7.2.12 Plotting.47 7.3 Coherence.47 7.3.1 General.47 7.3.2 Instruments and software.48 7.3.3 Anti-aliasing filters.48 7.3.4 Leakage and tapering.48 7.3.5 Frequency resolution.48 7.3.6 Time delay bias errors.48 7.3.7 Multiple path (reverberation) errors.49 7.3.8 Statistical sampling errors.49 7.3.9 Overlapped processing.50 7.3.10 Zoom transforms.50 7.3.11 Plotting.50 7.4 Frequency response.50 7.4.1 General.50 7.4.2 Instruments and software.51 7.4.3 Anti-aliasing filters.51 7.4.4 Leakage and tapering.51 7.4.5 Frequency resolution.51 7.4.6 Statistical sampling errors.51 7.4.7 Overlapped processing.52 7.4.8 Zoom transforms.52 7.4.9 Plotting.52 7.5 Cross-correlation.52 7.5.1 General.52 7.5.2 Instruments and software.53 7.5.3 Anti-aliasing filters.53 7.5.4 Leakage and tapering.53 7.5.5 Time resolution.53 7.5.6 Time delay bias error.53 7.5.7 Statistical sampling errors.54 7.5.8 Overlapped processing.54 7.5.9 Plotting.54 7.6 Correlation coefficient.54 7.7 Unit impulse response.55 8 Other analysis.55 8.1 General.55 8.2 Probability density.55 8.2.1 General.55 8.2.2 Instantaneous probability density.55 8.2.3 Peak probability density.56 Bibliography.59



EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 5 Foreword This document (EN 15433-4:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.



EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 6 Introduction This standard was originally prepared by working group NAVp-1.4, Requirements and Testing, of the German Standardization Institute (DIN).
It is part of a complete normative concept to acquire and describe the loads acting on goods and influencing them during transport, handling and storage. This standard becomes significant when related to the realisation of the European Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (Directive 94/62 EC, 20 December 1994). This directive specifies requirements on the avoidance or reduction of packaging waste, and requires that the amount of packaging material is adjusted to the expected transportation load, in order to protect the transportation item adequately. However, this presumes some knowledge of the transportation loads occurring during shipment. At present, basic standards, based on scientifically confirmed values, which can adequately describe and characterize the magnitudes of transportation loads, especially in the domain of dynamic mechanical loads do not exist nationally or internationally.
Reasons for this are mainly the absence of published data, insufficient description of the measurements or restrictions on the dissemination of this information. This standard will enable the measurement and evaluation of dynamic mechanical transportation loads, thus enabling the achievement of standardized and adequately documented load values. This series of standards consists of the following parts:  Part 1: General requirements,
 Part 2: Data acquisition and general requirements for measuring equipment;  Part 3: Data validity check and data editing for evaluation;  Part 4: Data evaluation;
 Part 5: Derivation of Test Specifications;  Part 6: Automatic recording systems for measuring randomly occurring shock during monitoring of transports.



EN 15433-4:2007 (E) 7 1 Scope This standard presents guidelines for the instruments, procedures and parameters, used to analyse dynamic data.
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