SIST EN 13437:2003

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Embalaža in snovno recikliranje – Merila za metode recikliranja – Opis procesov recikliranja in diagram potekaVerpackungen und stoffliche Verwertung - Kriterien für stoffliche Verwertungsverfahren - Beschreibung von stofflichen Verwertungsprozessen und FlußdiagrammenEmballages et recyclage matiere - Criteres pour les méthodes de recyclage - Description des procédés de recyclage et schéma de fluxPackaging and material recycling - Criteria for recycling methods - Description of recycling processes and flow chart55.020Pakiranje in distribucija blaga na splošnoPackaging and distribution of goods in general13.030.50RecikliranjeRecyclingICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13437:2003SIST EN 13437:2003en01-september-2003SIST EN 13437:2003SLOVENSKI
STANDARD



SIST EN 13437:2003



EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 13437May 2003ICS 13.030.50; 55.040English versionPackaging and material recycling - Criteria for recycling methods- Description of recycling processes and flow chartEmballages et recyclage matière - Critères pour lesméthodes de recyclage - Description des procédés derecyclage et schéma de fluxVerpackungen und stoffliche Verwertung - Kriterien fürstoffliche Verwertungsverfahren - Beschreibung vonstofflichen Verwertungsprozessen und FlußdiagrammenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 March 2003.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UnitedKingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2003 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13437:2003 ESIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)2ContentsPageForeword.3Introduction.41Scope.52Normative references.53Terms and definitions.54Description of Material Recycling Processes.6Annex A (normative)
Packaging and packaging material flows.9Annex B (normative)
Aluminium packaging and aluminium packaging material flows.12Annex C (normative)
Glass packaging and glass packaging material flows.15Annex D (normative)
Paper/board packaging and paper/board packaging material flows.19Annex E (normative)
Plastic packaging and plastic packaging material flows.23Annex F (normative)
Steel packaging and steel packaging material flows.28Annex G (normative)
Wood packaging and wood packaging material flows.31Annex H (normative)
Other packaging materials.34Bibliography.36SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)3ForewordThis document (EN 13437:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 "Packaging", thesecretariat of which is held by AFNOR.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text orby endorsement, at the latest by November 2003, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latestby November 2003.This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the EuropeanFree Trade Association.This document contains Annexes A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H which are normative.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)4IntroductionThe Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (94/62/EC) defines requirements for the manufacturing andcomposition of packaging. EN 13427 provides a framework within which this and other standards may be usedtogether to support a claim that a packaging is in compliance with the essential requirements for packaging to beplaced on the market as required by the Directive.This European Standard outlines the stages through which packaging passes from raw material to the recovery ofthe used packaging after it has served its purpose. It amplifies these requirements by describing the process ofmaterial recycling for the various materials used for packaging and its principal aim is to provide practical guidance.The recycling processes used for the recovery of used packaging, (which are often comprised of more than onematerial) and other used applications, are influenced by three main aspects:1) the material from which the product is manufactured;2) the source of the used packaging; and3) the application for which the recycled material is intended to be used.Consideration of all these aspects is necessary in order to optimise the technical, economic and environmentaleffectiveness of the recovery operations. This European Standard describes the recycling operations for the mainmaterial types and their position within the overall material production, use and recovery cycle.Material recycling of used packaging should be seen within the overall life cycle of products and packaging. Thepurpose of packaging is the containment, protection, distribution and presentation of products including instructionsas to their use. A major role is one of prevention of damage/wastage of the products contained in the packaging.SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)51 ScopeThis European Standard defines the criteria for a recycling process and describes the principal existing processesfor material recycling and their inter-relationship.Both packaging and recovery technologies are subject to continuing and rapid development. This EuropeanStandard describes the present stage of knowledge but may be subject to modifications in the light of newdevelopments.The essential relationship between this and the five mandated European Packaging Standards and one(mandated) CEN Report is specified in EN 13427.2 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. Thesenormative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. Fordated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this EuropeanStandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of thepublication referred to applies (including amendments).EN 643, Paper and board – European list of standard grades of recovered paper and board.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply:3.1packagingall products made of any materials of any nature to be used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery andpresentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user or the consumer"Non returnable" items used for the same purpose shall also be considered to constitute packaging.[Directive 94/62/EC]3.2recyclingreprocessing in a production process of the waste materials for the original purpose or for other purposes includingorganic recycling but excluding energy recovery[Directive 94/62/EC]3.3feedstock recyclingrecycling whereby typically organic materials are converted into low-molecular weight products which are reusedfor the production of other materials or in other chemical/production processes3.4packaging wasteany packaging or packaging material covered by the definition of waste in Directive 75/442/EEC, excludingproduction residues[Directive 94/62/EC]3.5scrapmaterial which has passed through one or more of the operations of production, conversion and filling but is notpart of the packaging or the packaging material sold for its intended purposeSIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)63.6reconditioningnecessary operations to bring a reusable packaging back into a functional state and having the same basicspecification as the original packagingNOTEAn operation carried out on a used packaging, whether originally supplied as a single trip or reusable packaging, tobring it into a functional item of packaging but which changes its basic specification is defined as recycling, and notreconditioning.3.7primary raw materialmaterial which has never been processed into any form of end use product[EN 13430]3.8secondary raw materialmaterial recovered for use as a raw material from used products and from scrap with the exception of the scraparising within a primary production processNOTEThe precise nature of the primary production process may vary between material sectors. Reference to the relevantflow diagram will clearly identify this process.3.9recycling processprocess which converts collected and sorted used packaging and scrap, together in some instances with othermaterial, into secondary raw material or products4 Description of Material Recycling Processes4.1 Criteria for recycling processesThe basic criterion for a recycling process is that it has a specified input of used (packaging) material from which itrecovers value in usable material. Recycling of used packaging will have an input of used packaging, which may ormay not be processed with other materials, and the output will be feedstock or material used in the production ofnew products, which may, or may not, be for packaging applications. The recycling process will vary substantiallyaccording to the material to be processed, the source from which it comes, and the applications for which therecovered/recycled material is to be used.Additionally the recycling process will use scrap from the various production, filling and packaging operations.Subsequent to the primary production process, the recycling process is a useful means of diverting this materialfrom landfill. It should be noted that used packaging reprocessed through material recycling will be included in therecycling rate described by Directive 94/62/EC, while scrap will not be included in this rate.Where the ‘second life’ application has a high demand for cleanliness and consistency, the recycling process willbe required to ensure a high level of removal of extraneous/different material with stages in the recycling processfor cleaning the recovered material by washing, de-inking etc. In other operations where the new application has alower demand on the specification, separation of small amounts of extraneous material may not be necessary, norcomplex cleaning operations. It will be environmentally and economically wrong to base recycling on the higher endof the quality specification, and the recycling operation is often designed to meet the specific needs of the sourcerecovered products and the application for which the recycled material is to be used.To cover this wide diversity of processes, the following clauses introduce the methodology and detaileddescriptions of the recycling processes.Detailed information on the specific material recycling processes is given in the explanatory notes for the individualmaterial flow charts.SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)74.2 General Flow ChartThe General Flow Chart is in annex A and defines the Packaging and Packaging Material Flows for packaging ingeneral. Explanatory notes to annex A give the definition of the flows designated by letters in the diagram. Thenature of some flows is also indicated by text in the diagram and the main processes are identified by text on thediagram with additional information provided as appropriate in annex A.4.3 Multi Component PackagingFor packaging to effectively meet its functional requirements, the unit of packaging will often comprise more thanone component. Examples of these are: a liquid container with a label and closure with a sealing pad inside the closure; a corrugated case with adhesive tape or metal staples to effect closure; a drum with loose liner with lid and labels.For material recycling it is necessary that the various components of the unit of packaging be compatible with theoverall system and the expected final application in which the recycled material will be used.To achieve this, the components need to satisfy at least one of the following requirements: compatible with each other in meeting the specification requirements of the application in which they are to beused; separable in the recycling process such that the targeted material/component can be cleaned and processedto the necessary specification; separable by hand, or in the sorting process prior to recycling, to leave the targeted material/component readyfor recycling to the necessary specification.Different recycling processes have been developed for the various materials used in packaging and are describedin the annexes B, C, D, E, F, G and H. In addition, the recycling processes for any one material can varydependant on the source of material and application into which the recycled material is to be used.The compatibility of materials and requirements are further detailed in EN 13430 and CR 13688.4.4 Technological DevelopmentResearch continues in the technology for the recovery and recycling of all materials so that they can be reusedwithin and outside of the field of packaging, as indicated by the flows y and z. The descriptions given in each of theelaborations for the specific flow chart are therefore examples and are not limiting to the current and futureprocesses.4.5 Import and ExportImport and export occur for raw materials, packaging, (both unfilled and filled) and also used packaging forrecovery and recycling. These are influenced by commercial pressures on supply and demand, as well as theavailability of process capacity, in particular for recycling.4.6 Specific Flow ChartsIn addition to the General Flow Chart, a number of material-specific flow charts have been elaborated and theseare as follows: annex B, Aluminium; annex C, Glass;SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)8 annex D, Paper and Board; annex E, Plastic; annex F, Steel; annex G, Wood; annex H, Other MaterialsIn a number of situations, two or more of these material will be used together in the production of packaging inorder to achieve specific properties. Where this is the case, the flow sheet associated with the dominant material byweight should be used.These material-specific flow charts have the same overall layout as the general flow chart and retain the sameidentification for the flows. In particular, the lower half of the material-specific flow diagrams are identical to thegeneral flow chart. The upper half however allows a definition of the variations in flows and processes which arespecific to each material type.Flows which are not possible with particular materials are hatched on the relevant diagrams.Explanatory notes to annex A also apply to annexes B to G.The following sections of this standard contain a commentary on each of the material-specific flow charts to enablea full appreciation of the processes and flows described.SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)9Annex A (normative)Packaging and packaging material flows(relating to packaging as defined in the packaging and packaging waste directive)The size of flows do not correspond to the volume of the flows.Figure A.1 – Packaging and packaging material flowsSIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)10Explanatory notes to annex A.A.1 Flowsa) primary raw material;b) recycled material from sources other than packaging;c) recycled material from packaging or scrap;d) production scrap;e) conversion scrap;f) scrap from the processes fill/pack and distribution;g) waste from reconditioning (e.g. broken glass bottles);h) all packaging supplied for the first filling/packing;h1) packaging supplied for single use;h2) packaging designed for refill/reuse and supplied for the first filling/packaging;j) used packaging lost and not collected due to litter and/or other factors;k) used and reconditioned packaging for filling/packing again ;m) used packaging designed for refill/reuse leaving the refill/reuse loop through the waste managementflows n to v;n) material for other waste management than in flows p to t (e. g. disposal);p) material for incineration in plants without energy recovery;q) material for incineration in plants with energy recovery;r) inorganic material from incineration plants can be used for recycling;s) material for recycling (without organic recycling);t) material for organic recycling (composting or biomethanisation);v) packaging returned after collection/sorting of used one way packaging in the refill/reuse loop and used again (e.g. wooden crates);x) material loss;y) material for applications other than packaging;z) recycled material for other applications (e. g. for automotive or building industry).SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)11A.2 Flows - Import/ExportRaw materials, unfilled and filled packaging, and used packaging traded across national boundaries.A.3 ProcessC/Scollection and sorting of used empty packagingFill/Pack (and filling)process of containing the product in the packagingEmptyemptying/unpacking of the packaging by the user/consumerSIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)12Annex B (normative)Aluminium packaging and aluminium packaging material flows(relating to packaging as defined in the packaging and packaging waste directive)The size of flows do not correspond to the volume of the flows.Flows which are not possible with this material are shown hatchedFigure B.1 – Aluminium packaging and aluminium packaging material flowsSIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)13Explanatory notes (to be read in conjunction with annex A).B.1 IntroductionThis flow chart applies to all aluminium packaging materials and aluminium packaging such as beverage and foodcans, trays, foil packaging, aerosols, beer kegs, and closures.B.2 Input MaterialsFlow a: First use ingot from primary smelters.Flow b: Secondary material from sources other than packaging and of comparable chemical composition.Flow c: Recycled aluminium from packaging.B.3 ProductionInitial production takes place using raw material which typically comprises both first-use ingot and ingot fromsecondary (recycled) material. The quantities of each depends on availability and purity requirements of thepackaging material application. The ingot, or billet, produced is subsequently hot worked and cold worked to therequired form and size for the packaging material. Production scrap is returned through the remelt facilities at theproduction site or through recycling process stages.Flow d: Production scrap consisting of ingot ends, hot and cold mill croppings, edge trimmings, coil ends, etc.B.4 ConversionThe conversion stage is the point at which packaging material becomes packaging by further processing orfabrication, i.e., deep drawn into cans or closures, fabricated into beer kegs or pressed into foil containers. Theconversion scrap is returned through the recycling process.Flow e: Conversion scrap consisting of webbings, edge trims and reject containers.B.5 Fill/Pack & DistributionAt the filler/packer stage the packaging is filled with the product, packed and distributed for sale to the end user, thefiller scrap is returned to the recycling process.The majority of aluminium packaging is single trip (recyclable) packaging but for example aluminium beer kegs arereused.Flow f: Filler scrap consisting of can/container bodies and ends and damaged packaging from packing anddistribution.B.6 Emptying/UnpackingThe majority of aluminium packaging is used by the domestic consumer and hence enters the domestic wastestream where it is collected and sorted by various methods depending upon individual material requirements andnational recovery schemes.Flow j: Details as given in the Annex to the General Material Recycling Flow.SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)14B.7 Collection & SortingCollection of used aluminium packaging is by "Collect" or "Bring" systems. The "Collect" systems are reliant on thelocal authority/municipalities waste organisation or private contractor to collect by kerbside or home wastecollection for central sorting for recycling, incineration or landfill. "Bring" systems incorporate the use of collectionbanks, charity collection, buyback, cash for cans and deposit systems. In these cases, initial sorting is completedby the householder who separates the used aluminium packaging from other household waste.Sorting is made within sorting centres by mechanical, eddy current and magnetic means or manual methods. Highstandards are required of the sorted aluminium packaging to avoid contamination during the recycling process, withlimits set for steel, food, plastics, moisture and other contaminants.Flow n: Component of waste in managed landfill.Flow p: This is normally as a disposal option for unsorted waste (see
CR 1460).Flow q: Thin aluminium foil packaging (typically up to 0.05 mm) contributes to the net output of available energyfrom incineration by its oxidation.Flow r: Sorting aluminium for recycling through eddy current operation on the residue after incineration.Flow s: Aluminium recovered for recycling through collection and sorting as detailed above.B.8 Recycling ProcessThis comprises one or more operations which will convert used materials into a secondary raw material.Aluminium packaging which is collected and sorted is returned to the recycling process in baled, shredded or looseform and is further processed to eliminate any remaining contamination such as iron, lacquers, food/productresidues and moisture.The remelting operation is carried out in appropriate furnaces and alloying elements added to the recycled metaland primary material to reach the required specification for the product. In the case of specialised facilities for theremelting of aluminium drinks cans the process is a closed loop system where the used drinks cans are recycledand remelted into ingot for rolling into further can-stock sheet.Flow x, y and z: Details as given in the Annex to the General material Recycling Flow.B.9 Reusable PackagingOnly small quantities of aluminium packaging are intended for reuse, mainly consisting of beer barrels and othercontainers. Reconditioning can involve cleaning, recoating and structural repair. All flows refer to inputs andoutputs to the reuse loop.Flows h, k, g, m and v are as detailed in annex A to general material recycling flow.B.10 Import/ExportAluminium materials and packaging at each stage of the flow can be imported or exported across nationalboundaries, reference 4.5.SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)15Annex C (normative)Glass packaging and glass packaging material flows(relating to packaging as defined in the packaging and packaging waste directive)The size of flows do not correspond to the volume of the flows.Flows which are not possible with this material are shown hatchedFigure C.1 – Glass packaging and glass packaging material flowsSIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)16Explanatory notes (to be read in conjunction with annex A).C.1 IntroductionThis flow chart applies to all glass packaging such as bottles and jars of all sizes, shapes and colours.C.2 Input MaterialsFlow a: Primary raw material: a batch consisting of a mix of sand, soda ash, limestone/dolomite and feldspartogether with additional refining and colouring agents.Flow b: Recycled material from other sources: small quantities of flat glass.Flow c: Recycled material from glass packaging: used glass packaging collected from consumers and from fillers,which are either colour separated or left mixed, and then sorted and processed into furnace ready “cullet”.NOTE“Cullet” is processed used glass from different sources, crushed to specifications and separated from contaminatedmaterial.C.3 Production/ConversionGlass packaging production consists of the following steps:1) batch mixing;2) melting;3) forming;4) cooling;5) quality control;6) packaging.C.3.1 Batch mixingDepending on the colour of the final packaging, the mix of the cullet into a batch varies. Up to 95% used glasscould be used in the manufacture of green glass. White glass normally is made with a significant proportion ofprimary raw (virgin) material.C.3.2 MeltingIs carried out in a continuous process, in which the use of cullet reduces energy consumption.C.3.3 FormingStarts with the cutting of the melted glass into gobs. The gob is then formed in an automated moulding machine intwo steps to its final shape.C.3.4 CoolingThe raw product is rebaked and cooled in a controlled manner in an “annealing lehr” to remove residual mechanicalstresses.SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)17C.3.5 PackagingPalletisation for warehousing and transport to packers/fillers.Flow d: Production scrap: in-house cullet from production of glass containers (mainly containers not fulfilling qualityspecifications).C.4 Fill/Pack and DistributionNo material specific comment.Flow f: Scrap from process fill/pack and distribution: mainly packaging damaged in filling, internal distribution andwarehousing, etc.C.5 Emptying/UnpackFlow j: Details as given in the Annex to the General Material Recycling Flow.C.6 Collection/Sorting of Used Glass PackagingThe predominant way of collecting used glass packaging is in glass container banks placed in public places,conveniently available to the consumer. Glass exists in different colours: mainly white, green and brown. In order tobe of maximum use again in the glass production process, used glass packaging is increasingly sorted into two orthree colour fractions by the consumer. Glass packaging is also collected by kerbside collection systems. Theresponsible collector (the local municipalities’ waste organisation or a private company) collects glass from thebanks for later distribution to a cullet processing plant.Flow n: Component of waste in managed landfill.Flow p: This is normally as a disposal option for unsorted waste (see CR 1460). Details as given in the Annex tothe General Material Recycling Flow.Flow r: Research is under way to identify applications for glass residues from incinerators.Flow s: The predominant used glass stream destined for recycling.C.7 Recycling ProcessAt the cullet processing plant, used glass packaging is sorted and processed. Organic material, metals, ceramics,plastics and paper are separated by means of automated methods as well as by hand. The glass is then crushedand delivered to the glassworks.This comprises one or more operations which will convert used material into a secondary raw material.Flow x: Material losses.Flow z: Processed cullet for other applications. Processed cullet can be used also as a replacement for primary rawmaterial in insulation production, as a constitute in concrete for the building industry and in asphalt for road making.SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)18C.8 Reusable PackagingGlass packaging designed for, and used in, refill/reuse systems may also be joined in the reuse loop by packagingreturning after collection/sorting of used one-way packaging.One-way glass bottles are designed for a single trip and should be used only once. However, flow v allows for thepossibility that some may be used again. This should only be done after the bottles have been checked for fitnessfor use.Flows h, k, g, m and v are as detailed in annex A to general material recycling flow.C.9 Import/ExportGlass packaging and cullet at each stage of the flow can be imported or exported across national boundaries,reference 4.5.SIST EN 13437:2003



EN 13437:2003 (E)19Annex D (normative)Paper/board packaging and paper/board packaging material flows(relating to packaging as defined in the packaging and packaging waste directive)The size of flows do not correspond to the volume of the flows.Flows which are not possible with this material are shown hat
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