SIST EN 15427-2-1:2022

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 15427-2-1:2022
01-julij-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 16028:2012
Železniške naprave - Trenje na stiku kolo-tirnica - 2-1. del: Lastnosti in značilnosti
- Maziva za prirobnice
Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 2-1: Properties and
Characteristics - Flange lubricants
Bahnanwendungen - Reibungsmanagement zwischen Rad und Schiene - Teil 2-1 :
Eigenschaften und Merkmale - Spurkranzschmierstoffe
Applications ferroviaires - Gestion des frottements roue/rail - Partie 2-1: Propriétés et
caractéristiques - Lubrification des boudins de roues
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 15427-2-1:2022
ICS:
21.260 Mazalni sistemi Lubrication systems
45.040 Materiali in deli za železniško Materials and components
tehniko for railway engineering
SIST EN 15427-2-1:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 15427-2-1:2022

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SIST EN 15427-2-1:2022


EN 15427-2-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

May 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 45.040; 75.100 Supersedes EN 16028:2012
English Version

Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management -
Part 2-1: Properties and Characteristics - Flange lubricants
Applications ferroviaires - Gestion des frottements Bahnanwendungen - Reibungsmanagement zwischen
roue/rail - Partie 2-1: Propriétés et caractéristiques - Rad und Schiene - Teil 2 1: Eigenschaften und
Lubrification des boudins de roues Merkmale - Spurkranzschmierstoffe
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 January 2022.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 15427-2-1:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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EN 15427-2-1:2022 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Design requirements . 8
5 Technical specification and product approval . 8
5.1 Introduction . 8
5.2 Product specification . 8
5.3 Technical file . 8
6 Control and monitoring of product. 9
6.1 Manufacturing process . 9
6.2 Composition of lubricant . 9
6.3 Routine tests . 9
6.4 Additional measures . 9
7 Technical datasheet . 9
7.1 General . 9
7.2 Grease-based lubricant characteristics . 9
7.3 Oil-based lubricant characteristics . 9
7.4 Solid-based lubricant characteristics . 9
8 Packaging, labelling and storage . 10
Annex A (normative) Requirements for lubricants and testing . 11
Annex B (informative) Water wash-off test . 21
Annex C (informative) Corrosion test on steel . 23
Annex D (informative) Behaviour at an elevated temperature – adhesion on steel sheet . 25
Annex E (informative) Determination of the volatile constituents in greases . 27
Annex F (informative) Peak forming and droop . 29
Annex G (informative) Functional test on specific equipment . 32
Annex H (informative) Solid flange lubricant stick testing and starvation test on twin-disc
machine . 38
Annex I (informative) Mini Traction Machine creep curve test . 44
Bibliography . 53

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SIST EN 15427-2-1:2022
EN 15427-2-1:2022 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 15427-2-1:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway
Applciations”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2022, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by November 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 16028:2012.
This document is part of the following series:
— EN 15427-1-1, Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 1-1: Equipment and
Application – Flange lubrication
— CEN/TS 15427-1-2, Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 1-2: Equipment and
Application – Top of Rail materials
— CEN/TS 15427-1-3, Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 1-3: Equipment and
Application – Adhesion materials
— EN 15427-2-1, Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 2-1: Properties and
Characteristics – Flange lubricants
— CEN/TS 15427-2-2, Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 2-2: Properties and
Characteristics – Top of Rail materials
— CEN/TS 15427-2-3, Railway applications - Wheel/Rail friction management - Part 2-3: Properties and
Characteristics – Adhesion materials
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
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SIST EN 15427-2-1:2022
EN 15427-2-1:2022 (E)
Introduction
Friction management using solid or fluid (oil, grease, etc.) substances at the wheel-rail interface is a
complex subject and includes the following aspects:
— lubrication of the wheel flange / rail gauge corner interface, commonly referred to as “flange or rail
lubrication”;
— lubrication of the back of flange/ check rail interface; commonly referred to as “check rail
lubrication”;
— altering the level of friction at the interface between the top of rail and the wheel tread, commonly
referred to as “top of rail friction management”;
— altering the level of adhesion at the interface between the top of rail and the wheel tread.
This document sets out requirements for the lubricant for flange or rail lubrication. It specifies
requirements for the lubricant, how to test it and how to approve it.
Lubricants should be tested to confirm there is:
— compatibility with lubricating systems;
— no intolerable increased risk of fire;
— accordance with relevant environmental requirements;
— no incompatibility between the different lubricants in use, particularly between solid and fluid
systems;
— satisfactory and consistent product quality and performance;
— no degradation to the safety of the railway (braking, signalling).
The main purpose of the lubricant is to reduce friction and wear and reduce the risk of flange climb
derailment.
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SIST EN 15427-2-1:2022
EN 15427-2-1:2022 (E)
1 Scope
This document specifies the properties and characteristics of lubricants applied to the interface between
the wheel flange and the gauge face of the rail, and contact area between the check rail face and the back
of the wheel (active interface), either directly or indirectly to the wheel flange or to the rail, and includes
both trainborne and trackside solutions.
It outlines the information required for most approval procedures, the method of testing and routine
control/monitoring of the lubricant.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 10130, Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming - Technical delivery conditions
EN ISO 868, Plastics and ebonite - Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore
hardness) (ISO 868)
EN ISO 1183-1, Plastics - Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics - Part 1: Immersion
method, liquid pycnometer method and titration method (ISO 1183-1)
EN ISO 2592, Petroleum and related products - Determination of flash and fire points - Cleveland open cup
method (ISO 2592)
EN ISO 3146, Plastics - Determination of melting behaviour (melting temperature or melting range) of semi-
crystalline polymers by capillary tube and polarizing-microscope methods (ISO 3146)
EN ISO 3675, Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products - Laboratory determination of density -
Hydrometer method (ISO 3675)
EN ISO 7827, Water quality - Evaluation of the “ready”, “ultimate” aerobic biodegradability of organic
compounds in an aqueous medium - Method by analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (ISO 7827)
EN ISO 9408, Water quality - Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in
aqueous medium by determination of oxygen demand in a closed respirometer (ISO 9408)
EN ISO 9439, Water quality - Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in
aqueous medium - Carbon dioxide evolution test (ISO 9439)
EN ISO 10707, Water quality - Evaluation in an aqueous medium of the “ultimate” aerobic biodegradability
of organic compounds - Method by analysis of biochemical oxygen demand (closed bottle test) (ISO 10707)
EN ISO 12185, Crude petroleum and petroleum products - Determination of density - Oscillating U-tube
method (ISO 12185)
EN ISO 20623, Petroleum and related products - Determination of the extreme-pressure and anti-wear
properties of lubricants - Four-ball method (European conditions) (ISO 20623)
ISO 760, Determination of water — Karl Fischer method (General method)
ISO 2137, Petroleum products and lubricants — Determination of cone penetration of lubricating greases
and petrolatum
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EN 15427-2-1:2022 (E)
ISO 2176, Petroleum products — Lubricating grease — Determination of dropping point
ISO 3733, Petroleum products and bituminous materials — Determination of water — Distillation method
ISO 22285, Petroleum products and lubricants — Determination of oil separation from grease — Pressure
filtration method
ISO 6072, Rubber — Compatibility between hydraulic fluids and standard elastomeric materials
ISO 6743-99, Lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L) — Classification — Part 99: General
ISO 13737, Petroleum products and lubricants — Determination of low-temperature cone penetration of
lubricating greases
DIN 51631, Mineral spirits — Special boiling point spirits — Requirements
DIN 51807-1, Testing of lubricants — Test of the behaviour of lubricating greases in the presence of water
— Part 1: Static test
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
lubricant
substance designed to alter friction at the active interface
3.2
oil
liquid lubricant
Note 1 to entry: Oil can be mineral, natural or synthetic in origin and can have additives included.
3.3
grease
semi-solid lubricant
Note 1 to entry: Grease consists of a thickener and additives integrated in a lubricating oil.
3.4
stick
encapsulated solid lubricant
Note 1 to entry: Typically, the stick comprises a solid lubricant which is encapsulated in a polymeric binder/carrier.
The product is designed for direct contact with a rotating wheel flange; the polymeric binder has a sufficiently high
melting point such that it does not melt, but rather wears when in contact with the wheel flange to ensure
dimensional stability.
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EN 15427-2-1:2022 (E)
3.5
batch
entire content of a single identified production of lubricant from the same manufacturing process
3.6
active interface
contact area between wheel flange and the gauge face of the rail and contact area between the check rail
face and the back of the wheel
Note 1 to entry: For more information on this definition, see EN 15427-1-1.
3.7
flange lubrication
lubrication of the active interface by applying a lubricant to the wheel flange
3.8
rail lubrication
lubrication of the active interface by applying a lubricant to the rail gauge side face
3.9
trainborne equipment
system carried on the train that consists of one or more applicators, a storage unit and a means of control
3.10
trackside equipment
system installed on or adjacent to the track that consists of one or more applicators, storage containers
and a means of control
3.11
operating temperature
temperature range in which the lubricant can be applied effectively
3.12
creep
slip
measure of the relative displacement or motion of the wheel against the rail, usually caused by imperfect
steering of a bogie in a curve
Note 1 to entry: Creep is usually expressed as a percentage of the rolling displacement.
Note 2 to entry: Creep can be longitudinal, lateral or in a spin direction relative to the rail.
3.13
product specification
document prepared by the customer that describes the conditions and requirements for the adhesion
material to meet and the tests to validate it
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4 Design requirements
The lubricant shall be designed to meet at least one of the following:
— reduction in noise and vibration;
— reduction in the rate of wear;
When applied within the specified limits, the lubricant shall not compromise the safety of the railway (i.e
braking distances, signalling systems, etc.).
NOTE Specified limits are normally understood and agreed between relevant parties before use of lubricant.
5 Technical specification and product approval
5.1 Introduction
This clause outlines the information required to gain product approval on most railway networks. It does
not cover its performance on the railway.
5.2 Product specification
The product specification shall be fully documented and shall consider the following information:
a) purpose of the lubricant;
b) conformity to the applicable type tests as set out in Tables A.1 to A.3;
c) conformance with other relevant local requirements, (such as environmental, fire, toxicity, etc.);
d) application data:
1) including equipment with which it can be used, (see Annex G - I);
2) operating temperatures;
e) additional validation tests, (see Table A.4);
f) any previous relevant experience, (i.e. use in other countries);
g) conditions for packaging and labelling, (see Clause 8);
h) environmental tests, as defined in Tables A.1 to A.3.
NOTE Where legislation and regulations (European, national or local) concerning ecological and
environmental compatibility of lubricants (biodegrability, toxicity, etc.) are applicable, consideration will need to
be given to the relevant requirements.
5.3 Technical file
A file of technical data showing compliance with the requirements in the product specification, and the
results of type tests and trials shall be provided. A technical datasheet shall also be provided (see
Clause 7).
A material safety data sheet for the product in the language of the interested customer or country shall
be included.
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6 Control and monitoring of product
6.1 Manufacturing process
If the manufacturing process is changed in a way that can affect the properties or characteristics of the
lubricant, the new process shall be documented and the customer shall be notified.
NOTE In some cases, this leads to a new approval being required.
6.2 Composition of lubricant
If the composition of the lubricant is changed in any way that affects its properties or characteristics, it
shall be documented and the customer shall be notified.
NOTE In some cases, this leads to a new approval being required.
6.3 Routine tests
Routine tests ensure product consistency from batch to batch.
The routine tests are listed in Tables A1 to A3. If additional tests are required, (such as those not included
in the tables or a type test), these and their frequency should be agreed between the client and supplier.
The sample of lubricant assessed for quality testing shall have been manufactured in a regular production
batch. The entire sample of material used for the routine tests shall be taken from the same production
batch and delivered in a single consignment.
The results of the routine tests shall be recorded.
6.4 Additional measures
Retention of test records and samples, witnessing of tests, calibration of test equipment shall be
considered.
7 Technical datasheet
7.1 General
The technical datasheet shall include the individual identifying code or name of the lubricant, a
description of the product’s field of use and typical means of application. For each lubricant type, the
information in the following subclauses shall also be included.
7.2 Grease-based lubricant characteristics
The product shall be described by its consistency, its temperature range, the type of thickener and type
of base oil used. Where solid particulates are used, the type and content shall be reported. Further
technical data shall be provided as listed under the ‘Datasheet’ column in Table A.1.
7.3 Oil-based lubricant characteristics
The product shall be described by its viscosity, its temperature range and by the type of oil used. Where
solid particulates are used the type and content shall be reported. Further technical data shall be provided
as listed under the ‘Datasheet’ column in Table A.2.
7.4 Solid-based lubricant characteristics
The product shall be described by its melting point, hardness, dimensions and its temperature range.
Further technical data shall be provided as listed under the ‘Datasheet’ column in Table A.3.
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The product shall be designed to minimize stick debris on the ballast.
8 Packaging, labelling and storage
The packaging shall protect the contents from contamination and damage.
The labelling shall include at least the following:
— supplier’s name;
— brand name and/or code of the lubricant;
— batch number and date of manufacture, uncoded or coded;
— net mass/quantity/volume.
NOTE Local regulatory requirements will apply.
The following additional information shall be included, if specified in the product specification:
— customer stock number;
— an indication that the batch has been accepted by the customer.
The storage conditions and, if necessary, the date limit of use of the lubricant shall be provided.
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EN 15427-2-1:2022 (E)
Annex A
(normative)

Requirements for lubricants and testing
A.1 Explanation of Tables A.1 to A.4
The tables have two purposes:
1) Tests to show the product can be used in the railway environment;
2) Product consistency.
For each required property of the lubricants, Tables A.1, A.2 and A.3 list the mandatory and optional tests
for grease, oil and sticks respectively, and the parameters for trainborne and trackside applications. The
optional tests required by the customer shall be listed in the product specification. Although used, oil–
based lubricants have not been included for trackside applications as the usage is low.
Table A.4 lists additional tests to check the performance characteristics of the lubricants and that the
lubricant will operate correctly with the equipment with which it is to be used.
A.2 Key to Tables A.1 to A.4, columns ‘Type’, ‘Routine’ and ‘Datasheet’
The key to the columns ‘Type’, ‘Routine’ and ‘Datasheet’ in Tables A.1 to A.4 is as follows:
— ‘Type’: This indicates the type tests required for the purpose of approval testing (see 6.1 and 6.2).
— ‘Routine’: This indicates the routine tests required for testing from approved mass-produced batches
(see 6.3).
— ‘Datasheet’: This indicates the characteristics to be listed in the product documentation.
In each column, a symbol is used to indicate the required test or information:
— ‘X’ indicates that the test or piece of information is mandatory;
— ‘O’ indicates that the test or piece of information is optional.
A.3 Key to Tables A.1 to A.4, column ‘Use’
Tables A.1 to A.4 include a column headed ‘Use’ and the letters used mean the following:
— A = Trainborne, using oil or grease–based lubricants;
— B = Trackside, using grease-based lubricants;
— C = Trainborne, using a solid lubricant.
This column identifies the most common systems in current use. Most trainborne equipment sprays the
lubricant in the form of a free-flowing grease or thin oil, and most trackside equipment pumps it in the
form of a thicker grease. However, where alternatives exist, careful consideration to the tests required is
needed.
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Table A.1 — Requirements for greases
Item Property Use Unit Test method Values Type Routine Datasheet Comments
A.1.1 Appearance A and B - Visual Homogenous X X X Appearance is a general
assessment of the product

A.1.2 Colour A and B - Visual Homogenous X O X

A.1.3 Consistency A - ISO 6743-99 Typically 00–000 X X X
  B - ISO 6743-99 Typically 1 X X X

Un-worked grease
A.1.4.1 A
penetration at:
a) 25 °C  0,1 mm ISO 2137 Typically 400 to X O
475
b) 0 °C  0,1 mm ISO 13737 ≥ 350 X O
c) −25 °C  0,1 mm ISO 13737 ≥ 300 X O

A.1.4.2 Un-worked grease B
penetration at:
a) 25 °C  0,1 mm ISO 2137 Informative – no X O
criteria
b) 0 °C  0,1 mm ISO 13737 Informative – no X O
criteria
c) −25 °C  0,1 mm ISO 13737 Informative – no X O
criteria

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EN 15427-2-1:2022 (E)
Item Property Use Unit Test method Values Type Routine Datasheet Comments
A.1.6 Drop point B °C ISO 2176 Higher than X X X
operating range
upper limit

A.1.7 Flash point A and B °C EN ISO 2592 ≥ 200 X  X

A.1.8 Water content A and B % mass ISO 760 or Informative – no O O
ISO 3733 criteria

A.1.9 Water resistance at 40 °C A Level DIN 51807-1 1 O O O
B Level DIN 51807-1 1 X O X

A.1.10 Adhesion to sheet steel A Stage Annex D 1 O O O
 (0,05 mm, 24 h at B Stage Annex D 1 O O O
temperature agreed
between client and
supplier)

A.1.11 Volatile components (24 h A and B % mass Annex E ≤ 10 O O O
at 60 °C)

A.1.12 Oil separation / “bleeding”
A.1.12.1 (18 h at 40 °C) A % mass ISO 22285 ≤ 5 X O  With 100 g weight
A.1.12.2 (168 h [7 days] at B % mass ISO 22285 5 % maximum by X O  With 100 g weight
40 °C) weight for NLGI
No.2 grease &
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Item Property Use Unit Test method Values Type Routine Datasheet Comments
7 % maximum by
weight for a NLGI
No.1 grease

A.1.13 Corrosion test
a) Steel A Level Annex C 1 O O O
  B Rating ISO 11007-1 and 0; 0 O O O
ISO 11007-2 using
water
b) Copper A and B Grade DIN 51811 1 O O O
24 h at 50 °C

A.1.14 Compatibility with A and B       Where applicable
elastomers (60 °C for 168
h)
a) Change in volume for NBR1  % ISO 6072 +15/-0 O   Other elastomer types may be
tested as necessary
b) Change in hardness for  IRHD ISO 6072 ±8 O   Other elastomer types may be
NBR1 tested as necessary
A.1.15 Identity testing: A and B  Standard laboratory For routine tests X X  Applicable standards:
method. compare with
Using Infrared, or DIN 51418-1
approved batch
(See comments for
Xray fluorescence, or DIN 51418-2
using same process
applicable standards)
Inductively coupled plasma DIN 51451
emission spectroscopy
DIN 51820-1

A.1.16 Apparent viscosity A
(1° cone, s = 300 s,
−1
D = 1 000 s ) at:
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Item Property Use Unit Test method Values Type Routine Datasheet Comments
a) 25 °C  mPa·s DIN 51810-1 ≥
...