SIST-TP CEN/TR 16376:2013

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 16376:2013
01-januar-2013
Karakterizacija odpadkov - Splošno navodilo za karakterizacijo odpadkov iz
industrije bogatenja mineralnih surovin
Characterization of waste - Overall guidance document for characterization of waste from
the extractive industries
Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Rahmenrichtlinie zur Charakterisierung von Abfällen der
mineralgewinnenden Industrie
Caractérisation des déchets - Document guide pour la caractérisation des déchets issus
des industries extractives
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16376:2012
ICS:
13.030.01 Odpadki na splošno Wastes in general
SIST-TP CEN/TR 16376:2013 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------

SIST-TP CEN/TR 16376:2013

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------

SIST-TP CEN/TR 16376:2013


TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 16376

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT
October 2012
ICS 13.030.01
English Version
Characterization of waste - Overall guidance document for
characterization of waste from the extractive industries
Caractérisation des déchets - Document guide pour la Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Rahmenrichtlinie zur
caractérisation des déchets issus des industries extractives Charakterisierung von Abfällen der mineralgewinnenden
Industrie


This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 24 June 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 292.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16376:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------

SIST-TP CEN/TR 16376:2013
CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Principles and procedures . 7
2.1 Definition and role of waste characterization . 7
2.2 The waste characterization process at a glance . 7
2.3 Choice of test methods . 12
2.4 Health and safety . 14
2.5 Applications . 15
2.5.1 Development of waste management plans . 15
2.5.2 Waste facility classification . 15
2.5.3 Inert waste classification . 16
2.5.4 Prediction of discharge water quality . 16
2.5.5 Assessment of closed waste facilities . 17
2.5.6 Planning for monitoring . 18
3 Waste categories, potential environmental impacts and related characterization
methods . 18
3.1 General . 18
3.2 Characterization during the different phases of extractive operations . 18
3.3 Types of waste facilities . 20
3.4 Associated environmental aspects . 21
3.4.1 General . 21
3.4.2 Risk of dam / slope failure . 21
3.4.3 Risk of dusting and siltation . 24
3.4.4 Risk of contaminated drainage . 25
3.4.5 Risk of spontaneous combustion . 26
3.4.6 Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) . 26
4 Supporting information. 27
4.1 General . 27
4.2 Background information . 27
4.3 Geological background of deposit to be exploited . 28
4.3.1 General . 28
4.3.2 Surrounding geology . 28
4.3.3 Nature of deposit . 29
4.3.4 Mineral deposit . 29
4.3.5 Size and geometry . 29
4.3.6 Weathering stage of deposit . 30
4.4 The waste and its intended handling . 31
4.5 Baseline data for the site of disposal . 32
5 Characterization tools . 32
5.1 General . 32
5.2 Sampling . 33
5.3 Mineralogy . 33
5.3.1 General . 33
5.3.2 Analytical methods . 34
5.3.3 Texture . 35
5.4 Physical and hydraulic properties . 36
5.4.1 General . 36
5.4.2 Overview of types of geotechnical investigations . 36
5.4.3 Test methods for physical and hydraulic properties . 36
2

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------

SIST-TP CEN/TR 16376:2013
CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E)
5.4.4 In situ investigations of physical and hydraulic properties of deposited waste . 37
5.5 Chemical composition . 38
5.5.1 General . 38
5.5.2 Digestion methods for inorganic substances . 38
5.5.3 Analysis of major, minor and trace elements . 38
5.5.4 Chemical speciation . 39
5.5.5 Sulfur (total, sulfate, and sulfide) . 39
5.6 Determination of acid generation potential . 39
5.6.1 General . 39
5.6.2 Paste pH . 39
5.6.3 Acid-base accounting . 39
5.6.4 Kinetic testing . 40
5.7 Leaching behaviour and leaching tests . 41
5.8 Field Investigations . 42
6 Evaluation and interpretation . 42
6.1 General . 42
6.2 Uncertainties – limitations . 43
6.3 Interpretation and evaluation of geotechnical data . 44
6.4 Mineralogy, chemistry, leaching and A/NRD evaluation . 44
6.4.1 General . 44
6.4.2 Mineralogy . 45
6.4.3 Chemistry . 46
6.4.4 Acid-base accounting . 47
6.4.5 Kinetic testing . 49
6.4.6 Leaching . 51
6.5 Field verification . 52
6.6 Water quality predictions . 52
7 Documentation and reporting . 53
Annex A (informative) Terms and definitions . 55
Annex B (informative) Test methods – Geochemical analysis – Applicability of EN and
ISO Standards . 58
B.1 Introduction . 58
B.2 Evaluation of applicability . 58
B.2.1 General . 58
B.2.2 Procedure . 58
B.2.3 Types of wastes . 59
B.2.4 Levels of applicability . 59
B.3 Methods to analyse waste from the extractive industries. 59
B.3.1 General remark . 59
B.3.2 Sample preparation . 60
B.3.3 Physical-chemical parameters (see also Annex C) . 60
B.3.4 Digestion and extraction methods . 62
B.3.5 Composition: major, minor and trace elements . 62
B.3.6 Organic and inorganic carbon . 64
B.3.7 Sulfur (total, sulfate and sulfidic) (see also Annex F for sulfide analysis) . 66
B.3.8 Eluate and leachate analysis . 67
B.3.9 Eluates: analytical methods referenced in EN 12506 and EN 13370 . 67
B.3.10 Eluates: further analytical methods . 71
Annex C (informative) Physical and hydraulic properties . 72
C.1 Introduction . 72
C.2 Existing standards . 72
C.2.1 Physical properties . 78
C.2.2 Hydraulic properties . 81
Annex D (informative) Leach tests . 83
D.1 Leach tests . 83
D.2 Applicability of leaching tests . 83
3

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------

SIST-TP CEN/TR 16376:2013
CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E)
D.3 Leaching test procedures . 85
D.3.1 pH-dependence leaching test . 85
D.3.2 Column leaching test . 85
D.3.3 Dynamic monolith leaching test . 85
D.3.4 Compacted granular leaching test . 85
D.3.5 Sequential extraction . 86
D.3.6 Field tests . 86
D.3.7 Short term tests . 87
Annex E (informative) Mineralogical analysis . 88
E.1 Mineralogical analytical methods . 88
E.1.2 X-ray powder diffractometer . 91
E.1.3 Optical microscopy . 92
E.1.4 Electron microscopy techniques . 92
E.1.5 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy . 92
Annex F (informative) . 94
Sulfur speciation in waste from extractive industries . 94
F.1 Total sulphur . 94
F.2 Sulfur species . 94
F.3 Analysis program for sulfur species . 94
F.4 Analytical procedures for sulfides . 95
F.4.1 Sulfides (pyrite) determination by combustion at different temperatures . 95
F.4.2 Sulfides (pyrite) determination (direct) by reaction with HCl . 95
F.4.3 Sulfides (pyrite) determination (direct) by reaction with NaCO . 95
3
F.4.4 Sulfides (pyrite) determination (indirect) by leaching with HNO . 95
3
F.4.5 Sulfides (pyrite) by calculation . 96
F.5 Results for sulfide (pyrite) sulfur . 96
F.5.1 Pyrite-rich waste samples . 96
F.5.2 Other waste samples. 97
F.6 Summary and recommendations . 98
Annex G (informative) A/NRD processes and mineralogy . 99
G.1 Introduction . 99
G.2 Natural supergene A/NRD processes . 99
G.3 Mineral oxidation / dissolution . 100
G.3.2 Sulfide . 100
G.3.3 Secondary minerals . 103
G.3.4 Carbonate minerals . 103
G.3.5 Silicate minerals . 104
G.4 Mineralogy issues . 106
G.4.2 Mineral reaction rate concepts . 106
G.4.3 Quantification of the mineral surface . 107
G.4.4 Mineral texture . 107
Annex H (informative) Hydrological and geochemical modelling . 109
H.1 Importance of modelling long-term release . 109
H.2 Uses of modelling . 109
H.3 Commonly used codes . 110
H.4 Challenges . 118
Annex I (informative) Field investigations of tailings management facilities and waste rock
dumps . 119
I.1 Introduction . 119
I.2 Tailings . 119
I.3 Waste rocks . 120
Bibliography . 123
4

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------

SIST-TP CEN/TR 16376:2013
CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 16376:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292
“Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
The preparation of this document by CEN is based on a mandate by the European Commission (Mandate
M/395), which assigned the development of standards on the characterization of waste from extractive
industries. The target audience of this guidance document includes all stakeholders concerned with the
management of extractive waste including authorities, regulators, waste producers, consultants and
testing laboratories.
The overall guidance document is one out of three guideline documents (TR, technical reports) and one
technical specification (TS) on aspects related to the characterization of extractive wastes developed by
CEN/TC 292. These four documents are:
 overall guidance document for characterization of waste from extractive industries
(CEN/TR 16376);
 guidance on sampling of wastes from extractive industries (CEN/TR 16365);
 kinetic testing for sulfidic waste from extractive industries (CEN/TR 16363); and
 sampling and analysis of cyanides (WAD) discharged into tailings ponds (CEN/TS 16229).
In addition to these four documents, CEN/TC 292 developed a European Standard (EN 15875) for static
determination of acid and neutralization potential of sulfidic waste (acid-base accounting).
The overall guidance document applies to waste from extractive industries according to the waste
definition in Art. 3 para 1 of the Directive 2008/98/EC on Waste. Therefore, as far as residues from the
extractive industries are mentioned in this document they are only covered if they fulfil the criteria of the
above mentioned waste definition.
This document provides guidance and is not a required procedure. It gives recommendations on what to
evaluate during characterization of waste from extractive industries. It provides a tool box with many
different methods that may or may not be applicable in a specific case, and it is not a legally binding
document.
5

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------

SIST-TP CEN/TR 16376:2013
CEN/TR 16376:2012 (E)
Introduction
Waste from the extractive industries can only be managed properly if sufficient knowledge about its
geochemical and physical properties and behaviour is available. Such knowledge may be obtained
through characterization of the waste. Consequently, Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the management of waste from extractive industries and the
associated Commission Decisions on waste facility classification, inert waste definition and waste
characterization include several requirements related to characterization of waste.
In one of its decisions the European Commission states that: “The purpose of the characterization of
extractive waste is to obtain the relevant information on the waste to be managed in order to be able to
assess and monitor its properties, behaviour and characteristics and thereby ensure that it is managed
under environmentally safe conditions in the long term. Furthermore, the characterization of extractive
waste should facilitate the determination of the options for managing such waste and the related
mitigation measures in order to protect human health and the environment.”
A multitude of methods and tools are available for various waste characterization purposes – some are
standardized and some are not. Often several methods that differ only slightly from each other are
available for the same purpose. Tradition and geography often determine which method is used. In some
cases, the use of specific methods is required by legislation. Within EU legislation, European (CEN)
Standards and methods are
...