Societal security - Video-surveillance - Export interoperability (ISO 22311:2012)

This International Standard is mainly for societal security purposes and specifies a common output file format that can be extracted from the video-surveillance contents collection systems (stand alone machines or large scale systems) by an exchangeable data storage media or through a network to allow end-users to access digital video-surveillance contents and perform their necessary processing. The means of exchange are not part of this International Standard.
This common output file format relies on a combination of several technical standards that individually are not restrictive enough to provide the requested interoperability. These standards are formally referenced to avoid duplications or divergence. When appropriate to improve the interoperability, subsets or a limited number only of these standards are called.
Since video-surveillance recording often includes taking records of citizens, requirements relating to privacy, use of the records and their disposal are also considered. Based on the above mentioned technical standards, the following format components are covered:
— Video;
— Audio;
— Metadata:
— Descriptive (location, camera identifier, etc.)
— Dynamic (date, time, pan, tilt, zoom, identification results, etc.)
— Encapsulation/packaging for the output file;
— Data/access security and integrity;
— Provisions for privacy;
— Informative data regarding the presentation to users.

Sicherheit und Schutz des Gemeinwesens - Videoüberwachung - Datenschnittstellen (ISO 22311:2012)

Sécurité sociétale - Vidéosurveillance - Interopérabilité de l'export (ISO 22311:2012)

L'ISO 22311:2012 est principalement destinée à des fins de sécurité sociétale et spécifie un format commun pour les données qui peuvent être extraites des systèmes de collecte de vidéosurveillance, par exemple à des fins d'enquête, qu'il s'agisse de matériels isolés ou de systèmes de grande envergure, au travers de supports d'information amovibles ou par l'intermédiaire d'un réseau, de sorte que les utilisateurs finaux puissent accéder aux données numériques de vidéosurveillance en vue d'effectuer les traitements requis.

Družbena varnost - Video nadzor - Izvozna medobratovalnost (ISO 22311:2012)

Ta mednarodni standard je namenjen zlasti družbeni varnosti in določa skupno izhodno obliko zapisa datoteke, ki jo je mogoče pridobiti iz zbirnih sistemov video nadzornih vsebin (samostojnih strojev ali obsežnih sistemov) z mediji za skladiščenje izmenljivih podatkov ali prek omrežja, da se končnim uporabnikom omogoči dostop do digitalnih video nadzornih vsebin in izvajanje potrebne obdelave. Način izmenjave ni del tega mednarodnega standarda. Ta skupna izhodna oblika zapisa datoteke se zanaša na kombinacijo več tehničnih standardov, ki posamezno niso dovolj omejujoči, da bi zagotovili zahtevano medobratovalnost. Ti standardi se uradno navedejo, da se preprečijo podvajanja ali odstopanja. Kadar je to primerno za izboljšanje medobratovalnosti, se uporabijo samo podnizi ali omejeno število teh standardov. Ker video nadzorni posnetki pogosto zajemajo tudi zapise o državljanih, se obravnavajo tudi zahteve v zvezi z zasebnostjo, uporabo zapisov in njihovim odstranjevanjem. Na podlagi navedenih tehničnih standardov so zajete naslednje komponente oblike zapisa: – video; – avdio; – metapodatki: – opisni (lokacija, identifikator kamere itd.) – dinamični (datum, čas, obrat, nagib, povečava, identifikacijski rezultati itd.) – ovijanje/pakiranje za izhodno datoteko; – varnost in integriteta podatkov/dostopa; – določbe glede zasebnosti; – informativni podatki v zvezi s predstavitvijo uporabnikom.

General Information

Status
Published
Public Enquiry End Date
30-Jul-2014
Publication Date
18-Jan-2015
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
05-Jan-2015
Due Date
12-Mar-2015
Completion Date
19-Jan-2015

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 22311:2015
01-februar-2015
Družbena varnost - Video nadzor - Izvozna medobratovalnost (ISO 22311:2012)
Societal security - Video-surveillance - Export interoperability (ISO 22311:2012)
Sécurité sociétale - Vidéosurveillance - Interopérabilité de l'export (ISO 22311:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22311:2014
ICS:
03.100.01 Organizacija in vodenje Company organization and
podjetja na splošno management in general
13.310 Varstvo pred kriminalom Protection against crime
SIST EN ISO 22311:2015 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 22311:2015

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SIST EN ISO 22311:2015

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 22311

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2014
ICS 03.100.01; 13.310; 35.240.99
English Version
Societal security - Video-surveillance - Export interoperability
(ISO 22311:2012)
Sécurité sociétale - Vidéosurveillance - Interopérabilité de Sicherheit und Schutz des Gemeinwesens -
l'export (ISO 22311:2012) Videoüberwachung - Datenschnittstellen (ISO 22311:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 October 2014.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22311:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 22311:2015
EN ISO 22311:2014 (E)
Contents
Page
Foreword .3

2

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SIST EN ISO 22311:2015
EN ISO 22311:2014 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO 22311:2012 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 223 “Societal security” of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 22311:2014 by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 391 “Societal and Citizen Security” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by May 2015.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 22311:2012 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 22311:2014 without any modification.
3

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SIST EN ISO 22311:2015

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SIST EN ISO 22311:2015
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22311
First edition
2012-11-15
Societal security — Video-
surveillance — Export interoperability
Sécurité sociétale — Videosurveillance — Interopérabilité de l’export
Reference number
ISO 22311:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012

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SIST EN ISO 22311:2015
ISO 22311:2012(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the
address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 22311:2015
ISO 22311:2012(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 General . 3
4.1 Concept . 3
4.2 Relation with other standards . 5
5 Requirements . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Requirements for the Audio-Video Package . 6
5.3 Data security and integrity .15
5.4 Provisions for privacy .16
Annex A (normative) Metadata dictionary .17
Annex B (informative) Requirements concerning usability .26
Bibliography .29
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii

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ISO 22311:2012(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22311 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 223, Societal security.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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ISO 22311:2012(E)

Introduction
Video-surveillance is a crucial asset in intelligence collection, crime prevention, crisis management,
forensic applications etc. The minimum requirement in societal security is for the authorities to be able
to rapidly use the data collected by different CCTV systems from given locations.
This International Standard provides an export interoperability profile which constitutes the exchange
format and minimum technical requirements that ensure that the digital video-surveillance contents
exported are compatible with the replay systems, establish an appropriate level of quality and contain
all the context information (metadata) necessary for their processing.
It is crucial for societal security that present and future video-surveillance systems implement this
interface to allow efficient forensic processing of the material produced, often in massive quantities.
This International Standard also contains provisions to ensure that privacy measures can be implemented
to protect the rights of the individuals.
This International Standard does not impose implementation methods or technological solutions. It
relies heavily on individual technical standards separately developed and concentrates on minimum
necessary profiles or subsets thereof to achieve its societal security objectives.
This International Standard is a blend of profiles of standards and practices, which combined, will
achieve a minimum level of interoperability.
This implementation has only been possible because of standards produced by the following bodies:
— ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11, Coding of moving pictures and audio (MPEG);
— ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1, Coding of still pictures (JPEG);
— IEC/TC 79, Alarm systems and electronic security (including its European equivalent CENELEC/TC
79, Alarm systems and electronic security);
— ITU, International Telecommunication Union;
— IETF, Internet Engineering Task Force;
— SMPTE, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers;
— NATO, Standardization Agency.
The normative Annex A contains a metadata dictionary.
The importance of having images stored and presented to the user in such a way that their use is
facilitated is presented in the informative Annex B.
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SIST EN ISO 22311:2015
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22311:2012(E)
Societal security — Video-surveillance — Export
interoperability
1 Scope
This International Standard is mainly for societal security purposes and specifies a common output
file format that can be extracted from the video-surveillance contents collection systems (stand alone
machines or large scale systems) by an exchangeable data storage media or through a network to allow
end-users to access digital video-surveillance contents and perform their necessary processing. The
means of exchange are not part of this International Standard.
This common output file format relies on a combination of several technical standards that individually
are not restrictive enough to provide the requested interoperability. These standards are formally
referenced to avoid duplications or divergence. When appropriate to improve the interoperability,
subsets or a limited number only of these standards are called.
Since video-surveillance recording often includes taking records of citizens, requirements relating to
privacy, use of the records and their disposal are also considered.
Based on the above mentioned technical standards, the following format components are covered:
— Video;
— Audio;
— Metadata:
— Descriptive (location, camera identifier, etc.)
— Dynamic (date, time, pan, tilt, zoom, identification results, etc.)
— Encapsulation/packaging for the output file;
— Data/access security and integrity;
— Provisions for privacy;
— Informative data regarding the presentation to users.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994, Information technology — Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still
images: Requirements and guidelines — Part 1
ISO/IEC 10918-5, Information technology — Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images:
1)
JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) — Part 5
ISO/IEC 14496-2:2004, Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 2: Visual
ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009, Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 3: Audio
1) To be published.
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ISO 22311:2012(E)

ISO/IEC 14496-10:2012, Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 10: Advanced
Video Coding
ISO/IEC 14496-12:2012, Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 12: ISO base
media file format
ISO/IEC 14496-14:2003, Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 14: MP4 file format
ISO/IEC 14496-15:2010, Information technology — Coding of audio-visual objects — Part 15: Advanced
Video Coding (AVC) file format
ISO/IEC 15444-1:2004, Information technology — JPEG 2000 image coding system: Core coding system — Part 1
ISO/IEC 23000-10, Information technology — Multimedia application format (MPEG-A) — Part 10:
2)
Surveillance application format
IEC 62676-1-1, Video surveillance systems for use in security applications — Part 1-1: Video system
3)
requirements
IEC 62676-2-3, Video surveillance systems for use in security applications — Part 2-3: Video transmission
4)
protocols — IP interoperability implementation based on web services
ITU-T/Rec G.711, Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies
SMPTE RP210.11-2008, Metadata Dictionary Contents
SMPTE 335M-2001, Metadata Dictionary Structure
SMPTE 336M-2007, Data Encoding Protocol Using Key-Length Value
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
video-surveillance
surveillance by video means
3.2
forensic
related to or used in courts of law
NOTE This applies to video-surveillance used to produce legal evidence.
3.3
metadata
information to describe audiovisual content and data essence in a format defined by ISO or any other authority
EXAMPLE Time and date, text strings, location identifying data, audio and any other associated, linked or
processed information.
3.4
static metadata
data associated with a digital image aside from the pixel values that does not change over time (or at
least does not change over the addressed sequence)
2) To be published.
3) To be published.
4) To be published.
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3.5
dynamic metadata
data associated with a digital image aside from the pixel values, which can change for each frame of a
video sequence
3.6
CCTV system
surveillance system comprised of cameras, recorders, interconnections and displays that are used to
monitor activities in a store, a company or more generally a specific infrastructure and/or a public place
3.7
logical structure
arrangement of data to optimize their access or processing by given user (human or machine)
3.8
geo-location
specific location defined by one of several means to represent latitude, longitude, elevation above sea
level, and coordinate system
NOTE Geo-location generally means the meaningful specification of the position of a point or object on the
earth. The term itself does not carry a prescription of the coordinate system to be used. Additional attributes
associated with a geo-location are not a part of a geo-location specification.
3.9
scene location
collection of geo-locations that defines the perimeter of the viewable scene of a camera
NOTE The coordinate system is the same for each geo-location in the collection. There is at least one geo-
location in the scene location. The geo-locations are ordered in either clockwise or counter clockwise order. Single
geo-location scenes interpret the geo-location as the centre of the scene.
4 General
4.1 Concept
4.1.1 Video-surveillance systems generic architecture
A CCTV system usually consists of hardware, software and human elements.
A CCTV system for security applications presented as functional blocks, which portray the various parts
and functions of the system, as well as the interactions with the human stakeholders is outlined in Figure 1.
This International Standard specifies the packaging and format of the data exchanged between the video
and system management functional blocks of a CCTV system and societal security end-users external to
the system as covered by the dotted zone of Figure 1.
Informative data regarding the presentation to users are given in Annex B.
The interactions between the components of the different functional modules of a CCTV system
are specified by the IEC 62676 series of normative documents. This International Standard is an
implementation of the provisions of 6.1.3 in IEC 62676-1-1 (to be published), which calls for publication of
all necessary information allowing intended usage of the data produced. Accordingly this International
Standard introduces the necessary extra requirements to the IEC 62676 series, without being in
contradiction with them.
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Operators Maintenance Installers
Human factors
Image capture Interconnections Image handling
Video environment
Activity and data management  Interfacing to other systems
System management
System integrity Data integrity
Third
parties
System security
access
Privacy zones Image retention period
Citizens factors
Figure 1 — Functional blocks of a CCTV system for security applications
4.1.2 Minimum requirements for interoperability
Societal security supposes interoperability of digital video-surveillance systems; this International
Standard defines the minimum requirements applicable to the file formats used to export the collected
5)
contents (video, audio and associated metadata) to achieve this interoperability .
All collected information shall be referenced to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
This format shall allow the file export of time slices of data coming from a selection of sources and
preserve the time correlation between the contents, whatever export process (removable media or data
transmission) is used.
The format shall be such that compatible, comparable processing of files exported by different systems
(covering a same scene) with a common time base will be possible.
5) Pending legal authorization, this International Standard may allow streaming contents formatted as above,
from a compliant CCTV system towards an external law enforcement facility, as its request or pushed by the CCTV
system to allow hand-over in crisis situations.
4 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

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Provisions will allow for the implementation of the applicable security, integrity and privacy
protection measures.
As detailed hereafter, this export file format relies on several requirements for the elementary lower
level formats and related protocols, respectively:
— Video;
— Audio;
— Metadata:
— Static (localization, camera identifier, etc.)
— Dynamic (date, time, pan, tilt, zoom, identification results, etc.)
— Container structure to integrate the above;
— Data security and integrity;
— Provisions for privacy.
The implementation of this International Standard shall be such that widely available Operating
System (OS) independent tools will allow for minimal processing of received standard files by societal
security organizations, such as forensic investigators, ensuring as a minimum the following and any
combination thereof:
— Videos and metadata display;
— Direct access to the metadata without display of the videos;
— Selection of content time slots;
— Access to the sources defined by name or scene-location.
4.2 Relation with other standards
The different formats and prescriptions mentioned above are to a large extent subsets of existing
standards; as a result, this International Standard is a blend of profiles of standards and practices which
combined will achieve the expected minimum level of interoperability.
5 Requirements
5.1 General
The minimum requirement for a video-surveillance system to comply with this International Standard
is to produce export files based on the following requirements.
These export files are essentially self-contained Audio-Video Packages which contain all information
necessary to use the data, including location and time of all the scenes, without requiring access to the
source system.
NOTE The requirements detailed hereafter are compatible with the implementation of the IEC 62676 series
that make use of the data and of the stream payloads defined therein.
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5.2 Requirements for the Audio-Video Package
5.2.1 General
The “Audio-Video Package” shall consist of a structure container, made of an indexing descriptor
document (XML) and a collection of video and audio data, as well as metadata files. All of these files shall
be in one hierarchical folder (or file system as may be the appropriate terminology for the operating
system under which they are created).
A folder shall contain any number (and without any limitation) of the individual files described below
and will cover an unlimited number of elementary contiguous time slots.
For easy random access to information, data shall be split into Directory Time Slots (DTS) and File Time
Slots (FTS), where time is given in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), as for GPS. Duration of a DTS is not
critical; for operator convenience (typically, fast search of events by investigators), this duration shall
be constant for a system and a new DTS shall be initiated at least once per day, starting with one hour.
As a minimum, any exported package shall contain once the descriptor of each of the Directory Time
Slots covering (partially or in full) the corresponding time slot. This descriptor shall contain a time-
stamped table of the changes that may have occurred in the configuration since the beginning of the DTS
as well as the list of the contained FTS with their start time.
The duration of a File Time Slot (FTS) shall be comprised between 1 and 600 s. Within a time slot indexes
shall allow to point accurately to any specific frame and time.
NOTE 1 It is allowed to zip or tar the package (again according to the operating environment of the source) and
to transport it by any convenient means including placement on a portable storage media or file transfer protocol.
These processes are not a part of this International Standard. Only the format of the package is covered in this
International Standard.
An Audio-Video Package shall accordingly be organized in a structure as figured below with, in one
top folder, a collection of time slices, arranged in DTS and FTS, of the relevant audio, video and other
dynamic data contents and for each of them a description giving all available information relative to the
corresponding time slice. Such a generic package organization is detailed in Figure 2.
For practical reasons, data naturally belong to groups, typically corresponding to a physical
infrastructure, to data collected by a same Network Video Recorder (NVR) or to an administrative
district; relationship with such groups shall be part of the description.
As a minimum interoperability condition, the naming rule shall be: DTS_info.xml.
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Top Folder
Content Description

Group #n Group #n
Directory
Description
Description Description
DTS_p DTS_p+1 DTS_p+2
Time Slots DTS_p+1
DTS_p DTS_p+2
System
Video, Audio
descriptions

and Metadata
as per Figure 3
tracks cut into
File Time Slots
Video
Audio
Metadata
Video
Audio
Metadata
Video
Metadata
Figure 2 — Generic files organization
The Audio-Video Package XML Descriptor shall have the structure defined in Figure 3 below, which
graphically describes a package with a group of contents at a given time.
This XML description shall be of “XSDcomplexType”, naturally self-explanatory; it will describe the
Group and all the sources belonging to the Group; the descriptions typically rely on the data listed in each
subset. All the data do not need to be provided, but enough information shall be given to define without
ambiguity all the Audio/Video contents contained in the folder. In a similar manner more information
or content than explicitly mandated by this International Standard can be incorporated, provided it is
properly described.
As detailed in 5.2.4, for a better interoperability, some information is mandatory and restrictions may
apply to some of the listed items.
The «XSDelements» below shall be extracted from the XML Metadata scheme and namespace defined in
IEC 62676-2-3. As a minimum interoperability condition, naming rule shall be:
— Directories: DIR_ < time stamp > (example: DIR_4E37B984)
— Files: < track name > _ < data type > _ < type of encoding > _ < time stamp > . < extension > (example: TESTVI20_
video_H264_4E411AEC.mp4 orTESTVI50_video_H264_4E411AEC.d)
where
— time stamp is the hexadecimal DTS aligned representation of the file time in seconds as of 1 January
1970 (see Annex A Dates and Times section);
— track name is a chain of characters (0 to 9 and a to Z);
— data type is video, audio or metadata;
— type of encoding is, e.g. H264 or MPEG-2 for video, KLV or XML for metadata;
— the “d” extension shall be arbitrarily used where the “mp4” extension cannot be used.
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The XML description of the group shall be of “XSDcomplexType” and typically consist in its location and
its contact points.
The descriptive information shall be provided for each source as XML XSDcomplexType typically
including sensor identification and characteristics.
Special attention shall be given on geo-location data associated to the monitored scene; such set of
information shall be regrouped as a XML XSDcomplexType, including GPS latitude and longitude of each
item (centre of image and vertex). As required for constructions, buildings, underground structures, etc.,
means to locate the scene in 3 dimensions in relation to a geo-located reference point shall be provided
(scanned drawing or equivalent).
Type of content (video clip, audio or video frame) shall be provided; special contents (e.g. dynamic
metadata or events) may be used.
The codec used to encode the re
...

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