SIST EN 15898:2011

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Allgemeine BegriffeConservation des biens culturels - Principaux termes générauxConservation of cultural property - Main general terms and definitions97.195Umetniški in obrtniški izdelkiItems of art and handicrafts01.040.97Oprema za dom in trgovino. Razvedrilo. Šport (Slovarji)Domestic and commercial equipment. Entertainment. Sports (Vocabularies)ICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15898:2011SIST EN 15898:2011en,de01-december-2011SIST EN 15898:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD



SIST EN 15898:2011



EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15898
October 2011 ICS 01.040.97; 97.195 English Version
Conservation of cultural property - Main general terms and definitions
Conservation des biens culturels - Principaux termes généraux
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Allgemeine Begriffe This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 August 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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EN 15898:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3Introduction .41 Scope .72 Normative references .73 Terms and definitions .73.1 Cultural heritage terms .73.2 Condition terms .83.3 Conservation terms . 103.4 Preventive conservation terms . 113.5 Remedial conservation and restoration terms . 123.6 Planning and documentation terms. 14Bibliography . 16Index (English) . 21Index (French) . 22Index (German) . 23 SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15898:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of cultural property”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 4 Introduction General Observations This standard is part of a series of standards being developed by CEN/TC 346. It provides terms and their definitions for a set of general concepts which are widely used by those working in the field of conservation of tangible cultural heritage. Its purpose is to bring greater understanding and encourage collaboration amongst those who have responsibility for or an interest in cultural heritage. The need for such agreement and clarification in the use of conservation words - to avoid confusion, to ensure that what one person means by a word corresponds with what another person understands - has become increasingly recognised in recent years 1). The definition of the terms here will also help to ensure consistent use of words and concepts within the other CEN/TC 346 conservation standards which define only those terms specific to each individual standard. The focus of all the CEN/TC 346 standards is on the tangible cultural heritage. However, every cultural thing has intangible aspects. Conservation of the tangible, when properly carried out, respects the intangible. The tangible cultural heritage comprises both immovable items (e.g. buildings, structures) and movable items (e.g. archival documents, works of art) 2).Those working in these two broad areas have tended to use some conservation words in subtly different ways, and to use words in one field which are not used in the other. This attempt to unify terminology may require occasional compromise. This is a reflection of current usage with the possibility that not every definition will sit equally well within each sphere of activity. The terms presented here have been selected by professionals working with the movable and built heritage. Even though landscapes, parks and gardens are also part of our human-made cultural heritage, this terminology does not yet wholly relate to them, nor to buried archaeological sites. Conservation of the digital heritage is likewise not embraced by this terminology, for which work is being undertaken in other frameworks and standards committees. Development of this Standard This standard is the result of four years of consultation, within the CEN framework, amongst experts from the European conservation community. Individuals appointed by national standards bodies, together with their colleagues at national level, have helped to refine shared understanding and to improve these definitions. The conventions used are those recommended in the documents CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations –
Part 3, ISO 704 and ISO 10241:1992 3).Only nouns are defined, not verbs or adjectives. Each definition aims to be a succinct summary of the concept as used across the field of conservation. Where it is necessary, some notes and examples are added. As far as possible each definition should be able to replace its term when inserted into a relevant sentence.
This standard has been adopted in the three official CEN languages (English, French and German) on the basis of a working document prepared in English. For some concepts there is no direct equivalent term between languages, so expanded phrasing is provided.
1) See Bibliography [35] and [36]. 2) This distinction is sometimes only approximate: a wall painting may be fixed to a building one day, but may be transferred to an art gallery another day. Most buildings are immovable, but there are some museums to which buildings have been moved. 3) See Bibliography [59], [60] and [61]. SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 5 A first CEN terminology standard in the field of conservation cannot be expected to resolve all issues and so is unlikely to meet with universal agreement. Like all standards, it will change in response to those using it and to changing practice, as well as the flux of language over the years. Users are encouraged to suggest improvements to their national standards bodies. Comments will be compiled for use in the next edition, for which additional terms are already being collected. References and sources The reference for the meaning of common English words used in the definitions follows established usage4). Many sources, listed in the Bibliography, have been valuable in guiding the development of the definitions, particularly charters and guidelines established by international professional bodies.
Since 1964, the Venice Charter, and later the Burra Charter, have guided reflection and development of the terms and practices used in conservation and restoration, especially of the built heritage and historic environment5). The definitions of four terms presented here (‘conservation’, ‘preventive conservation’, ‘remedial conservation’, ‘restoration’) were developed in parallel with those of ICOM-CC [7] and so have considerable commonality, but they are not identical. Whereas the ICOM-CC terminology uses ‘conservation’ as the umbrella term, such is the strength of feeling about current practice in some European countries and organisations about the term ‘conservation-restoration’ that the latter is included as a synonym of ‘conservation’. It should also be noted that the ICOM-CC definitions are used primarily in the field of movable heritage. In certain European countries some of the terms defined by the present standard (e.g. ‘cultural heritage’, ‘alteration’, ‘restoration’) have an official or legal meaning which can vary amongst those countries. Most of the countries within the EU have endorsed in their national regulations the EU Directives relating to illicit trade and the export of cultural heritage. Some of those directives contain translations of some common terms and their meanings 6), which may differ from the definitions offered here. In this standard, “cultural heritage” has been chosen in preference to “cultural property”, with its narrower connotations of ownership. Conservation practice The practice of conservation varies between countries and cultures around the world. The making of decisions in conservation is rarely straightforward7). Many factors have to be taken into account, some of them identified in the condition survey, others determined by ‘significance‘, others deriving from the context and current use or following from discoveries made during the work. This document cannot be seen as a substitute for the exercise of professional judgement in making decisions, often in collaboration with others, backed up by appropriate training, skills, qualifications and experience. Laws and regulations in some CEN member countries may contain specific rules relating to professional qualifications and/or methods of control for interventions. Furthermore, various international and national organisations have been developing professional qualifications, standards and guidelines which increasingly help to identify those who are equipped to contribute to conservation decisions and to implement them. In some countries the term ‘restoration’ may be taken to mean the whole conservation project, either to maintain some current state or to establish some former state.
4) See Bibliography [44]. 5) See Bibliography [9] and [14]. 6) Council Directive 93/7/EEC of 15 March 1993 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a member state. Council Regulation (EC) No 116/2009 of 18 December 2008 on the export of cultural goods. 7) See Bibliography [30], Fig 3.5. SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 6 The structure of the document and how to use it The arrangement of terms reflects the ways in which most heritage professionals approach the conservation of cultural heritage. At its root is consideration of what is to be conserved, its significance and its condition. Conservation terms then reflect underlying principles and are divided between categories identifying on the one hand preventive actions and on the other remedial and restoration interventions. Terms such as ‘rehabilitation’ and ‘renovation’ straddle the boundary of what is considered conservation, depending on their adherence to underlying principles, such as respect for evidence. Documentation of all stages of conservation is an essential part of the overall process of conservation planning. Not everyone will find this structure immediately applicable, so an alphabetical index is provided (in the three languages) which readers may wish to consult first, especially if searching for a particular term. Given the unpredictable, often complex and multi-faceted nature of conservation practice, the groupings of terms should not be considered rigid, though it is hoped that many will find it helpful. In order to improve consistency and to help with cross-referencing, definitions written using terms which are defined elsewhere in the standard are distinguished by being printed in bold type. SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard defines the main general terms used in the field of conservation of cultural property with particular attention to those terms which have wide use or significance. 2 Normative references Not applicable. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 Cultural heritage terms 3.1.1 cultural heritage (en)
patrimoine culturel (fr)
kulturelles Erbe (de), Kulturerbe (Syn.) (de) tangible and intangible entities of significance to present and future generations 3.1.2 tangible cultural heritage (en)
patrimoine culturel matériel (fr) materielles Kulturerbe (de) material expression of cultural heritage NOTE Tangible cultural heritage may be movable or immovable. 3.1.3 object (en)
bien (fr), bien culturel (Syn.) (fr) Objekt (de) single manifestation of tangible cultural heritage NOTE The term “object” is used in this standard for cultural heritage, both immovable and movable. In specific professional contexts, other terms are used: e.g. "artefact", “cultural property", “item”, “ensemble”, “site”, ”building”, "fabric”. 3.1.4 collection (en)
collection (fr) Sammlung (de) group of objects having shared or combined significance NOTE The term “collection” is mainly used within “movable cultural heritage”. In the context of immovable cultural heritage other terms are used: e.g. historic ensemble, historic site, conservation area, historic garden. SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 8 3.1.5 value (en)
valeur (fr) Wert (de) aspect of importance that individuals or a society assign(s) to an object NOTE 1 Values can be of different types, for example: artistic, symbolic, historical, social, economic, scientific, technological, etc. NOTE 2 The assigned value can change according to circumstance, e.g. how the judgement is made, the context and the moment in time. Value should always be indicated by its qualifying type. 3.1.6 significance (en)
intérêt patrimonial (fr) Bedeutung (de) combination of all the values assigned to an object 3.1.7 authenticity (en)
authenticité (fr) Authentizität (de) extent to which the identity of an object matches the one ascribed to it NOTE The concept of authenticity should not be confused with the concept of originality. 3.1.8 context (en)
contexte (fr) Kontext (de) past, present and future circumstances affecting significance NOTE Context refers to the circumstances, tangible and intangible, in which an object is created, built, used, worshipped, found, excavated, kept, presented, etc. 3.2 Condition terms 3.2.1 condition (en)
état (fr) Erhaltungszustand (de) physical state of an object at a particular time NOTE Assessment of the state of an object depends on the context and thus on the reason why the assessment is being made. 3.2.2 environment (en)
environnement (fr) Umwelt (de), Umgebung (Syn.) (de) surroundings of an object, some aspects of which may affect its condition NOTE Such aspects could be of human, physical, chemical, biological or climatic origin.
3.2.3 integrity (en)
intégrité (fr) Unversehrtheit (de), Integrität (Syn.) (de) extent of physical or conceptual wholeness of an object SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 9 3.2.4 alteration (en)
modification d’état (fr) Veränderung (de) change in condition, beneficial or not, intentional or not 3.2.5 defect (en)
défaut (fr), malfaçon (Syn.) (fr) Defekt (de) imperfection of an object due to its conception, its production or its construction process or to the nature of the materials employed NOTE "Malfaçon“ is used in French in the field of immovable cultural heritage for a defect in the production of an object. 3.2.6 ageing (en)
vieillissement (fr) Alterung (de) natural alteration over time NOTE Ageing can also be simulated or artificially produced. 3.2.7 damage (en)
altération (fr), dégradation (Syn.) (fr), désordre (Syn.) (fr), pathologie (Syn.) (fr) Schaden (de), Beschädigung (Syn.) (de) alteration that reduces significance or stability NOTE 1 Stability can be physical, chemical, biological, etc. NOTE 2 Although damage has negative connotations, it may sometimes be viewed as broadening significance. 3.2.8
deterioration (en)
détérioration (fr) Abbau (de), Verfall (Syn.) (de), Zerfall (Syn.) (de) gradual change in condition that reduces significance or stability NOTE 1 This term can also refer to the process itself.
NOTE 2 The term "decay" is sometimes used as a synonym. NOTE 3 For movable heritage the French term “détérioration” is also used to describe a complete and sudden worsening of condition. 3.2.9 instability (en)
instabilité (fr) Instabilität (de) lack of physical or chemical equilibrium which could lead to deterioration or loss 3.2.9.1 mechanical stability (en)
stabilité mécanique (fr) mechanische Stabilität (de) capacity of an object to remain in equilibrium under applied forces without loosing its mechanical strength SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 10 3.2.9.2 chemical stability (en)
stabilité chimique (fr) chemische Stabilität (de) capacity of a material to resist chemical alteration 3.2.10 weathering (en)
altération due aux conditions climatiques (fr) Verwitterung (de) alteration due to exposure to outdoor environment 3.3 Conservation terms 3.3.1 conservation (en), conservation-restoration (Syn.) (en)
conservation (fr), conservation-restauration (Syn.) (fr) Konservierung (de), Konservierung-Restaurierung (Syn.) (de), Bestandserhaltung (Syn.) (de) measures and actions aimed at safeguarding cultural heritage while respecting its significance, including its accessibility to present and future generations NOTE 1 Conservation includes preventive conservation, remedial conservation and restoration (see [20]). NOTE 2 The term “conservation-restoration” is mainly used in the field of movable cultural heritage. NOTE 3 The term “preservation” is also used, e.g. in libraries and archives. NOTE 4 All conservation actions are based on documentary and/or material evidence (see [9]). 3.3.2 reversibility (en)
réversibilité (fr) Reversibilität (de) extent to which a treatment can be undone without damage to the object 3.3.3 compatibility (en)
compatibilité (fr) Vereinbarkeit (de) extent to which one material can be used with another material without putting significance or stability at risk 3.3.4 durability (en)
durabilité (fr) Haltbarkeit(de) ability to resist the effects of wear and tear in performance situations
[ISO 11798:1999] NOTE Durability should not be confused with “permanence” for which see EN ISO 9706. 3.3.5 preventive conservation (en)
conservation préventive (fr), mesures de prévention (Syn.) (fr) präventive Konservierung (de) measures and actions aimed at avoiding or minimizing future damage, deterioration and loss and, consequently, any invasive intervention SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 11 NOTE In the field of movable heritage, “preventive conservation” is generally indirect; namely, these measures and actions are carried out within the immediate environment of the object. 3.3.6 remedial conservation (en)
conservation curative (fr), interventions curatives (Syn.) (fr) stabilisierende Konservierung (de) actions applied directly to an object to arrest deterioration and/or to limit damage 3.3.7 restoration (en)
restauration (fr) Restaurierung (de) actions applied to a stable or stabilized object aimed at facilitating its appreciation, understanding and/or use, while respecting its significance and the materials and techniques used NOTE 1 In some professional communities, especially in the field of immovable cultural heritage, the term restoration traditionally covers the whole field of conservation. NOTE 2 Remedial conservation is often carried out at the same time as restoration.
3.4 Preventive conservation terms 3.4.1
maintenance (en)
entretien (fr) Objektpflege (de), Instandhaltung (Syn.) (de) periodic preventive conservation actions aimed at sustaining an object in an appropriate condition to retain its significance EXAMPLES Cleaning guttering, oiling working machinery, dusting furniture, etc. 3.4.2 collection care (en)
entretien d'une collection (fr), suivi d'une collection (Syn.) (fr) Sammlungspflege (de) preventive conservation applied to a collection NOTE In the UK "collection care" within historic properties is often termed "housekeeping". 3.4.3 environmental control (en)
maîtrise de l’environnement (fr) Umgebungskontrolle (de) management of one or more factors of the environment NOTE This applies to temperature, relative humidity, light, pollution, etc. 3.4.4 monitoring (en)
suivi de l’état de conservation (fr), monitorage (Syn.) (fr) Überwachung (de) process of measuring, surveying and assessing the material properties of objects and/or factors of the environment over time SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 12 3.4.5 risk assessment (en)
appréciation des risques (fr) Risikobeurteilung (de) identification, analysis and evaluation of threats that might alter significance, and the probability of their occurrence NOTE Risk assessment is part of the overall process of "risk management" [ISO/IEC Guide 73:2002, 3.1.7 [49]]. 3.4.6 emergency preparedness (en)
plan de prévention des risques (fr) Notfallplanung (de) measures and actions taken in advance to mitigate the effects of possible destructive events
NOTE This includes drawing up a disaster response plan. 3.5 Remedial conservation and restoration terms 3.5.1 treatment (en)
traitement (fr) Behandlung (de) direct action carried out on an object
NOTE Treatment is one of the possible interventions for conservation. 3.5.2 mass conservation treatment (en)
traitement de masse en conservation-restauration (fr) Massenkonservierung (de) uniform remedial conservation applied at the same time to a large number of objects in similar condition 3.5.3 cleaning (en)
nettoyage (fr) Reinigung (de) removal of unwanted material from an object NOTE The criteria for something being "unwanted" always have to be stated, e.g. potentially damaging, obscuring detail, un-aesthetic, etc. 3.5.4 consolidation (en)
consolidation (fr) Festigung (de), Sicherung (Syn.) (de) improvement of internal cohesion or mechanical stability, usually involving the addition of material NOTE When only mechanical stability is considered, the term “strengthening” is also used. 3.5.5 reassembly (en)
réassemblage (fr), remontage (Syn.) (fr) Wiederaufbau (de), Remontage (Syn.) (de) putting dismembered parts of an object back together NOTE The term "anastylosis" is sometimes used in relation to immovable cultural heritage. SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 13 3.5.6 reconstruction (en)
reconstitution (fr), restitution (Syn.) (fr) Rekonstruktion (de) re-establishment of an object to an inferred earlier form using existing or replacement material NOTE 1 Reconstruction respects the significance of the object and is based on evidence.
NOTE 2 Reconstruction can be either physical or virtual. NOTE 3 In some communities of practice,
the term “restoration” is used instead of reconstruction as defined here. 3.5.7 reintegration (en)
réintégration (fr) Ergänzung (de) addition of material in order to facilitate the perception and understanding of an object EXAMPLES Retouching, gap filling, insertion, in-painting, etc. NOTE Reintegration respects the significance of the object and is based on evidence. 3.5.8 rehabilitation (en)
réhabilitation (fr) Sanierung (de) interventions on an immovable object in order to recover an inferred earlier functionality, to adapt it to a different function or to standards of comfort, safety and access NOTE 1 Rehabilitation should be based on assessed evidence including significance. NOTE 2 Rehabilitation is not generally a conservation activity but may involve some conservation actions. 3.5.9 renovation (en) rénovation (fr) Renovierung (de) action of renewing an object without necessarily respecting its material or significance NOTE 1 Renovation
is not a conservation activity. NOTE 2 A renovation plan, however, may involve some conservation actions. 3.5.10 repair (en)
réparation (fr) Reparatur (de) actions applied to an object or part of it to recover its functionality and/or its appearance NOTE 1
Repair is a restoration action only if it respects significance and is based on evidence. NOTE 2 Repair is generally viewed as a remedial conservation activity in the field of immovable cultural heritage. SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 14 3.6 Planning and documentation terms 3.6.1 collection management (en)
gestion de collection (fr) Sammlungsmanagement (de) processes and procedures relating to a collection's development, information, access and care
NOTE 1 This includes acquisition/disposal, accessioning, cataloguing, documentation, security, etc. NOTE 2 It is assumed that institutions normally have strategies and policies in order to implement collection management. NOTE 3 The term is mainly used in the field of movable cultural heritage. 3.6.2 conservation planning (en)
programme de la conservation-restauration (fr) Konservierungsplanung (de) management tool for the development and coordination of conservation measures and actions NOTE An outcome may be a ‘Conservation Plan’. 3.6.3 investigation (en)
investigation (fr) Untersuchung (de) gathering of all information necessary for a conservation decision making process NOTE 1 This should include both qualitative and quantitative information. NOTE 2 Investigation is frequently invasive, entailing opening up floors or roofs, the making of holes for fibre-optics, taking samples, etc., and may be locally destructive, as is archaeological excavation. Non-invasive methods include inspection, photogrammetry, remote sensing, the study of documentary and/or oral sources, etc. 3.6.4 condition survey (en)
évaluation de l'état (fr) Zustandserhebung (de), Voruntersuchung (Syn.) (de) inspection to assess condition 3.6.5 condition report (en)
constat d’état (fr), rapport d'évaluation de l'état (Syn.) 8) (fr) Zustandsbericht (de) record of condition for a specific purpose, dated and authored NOTE
A condition report normally results from a condition survey.
8) In French, the term "constat d'état" (fr) is used for movable heritage, while "rapport d'évaluation de l'état" is used for immovable heritage. SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 15 3.6.6 diagnosis (en)
diagnostic (fr) Diagnose (de) process of identifying the present condition of an object and determining the nature and causes of any change, as well as the conclusions drawn NOTE Diagnosis is based on observation, investigation, historical analysis, etc. 3.6.7 conservation proposal (en) proposition d'intervention (fr), préconisations (Syn.) (fr) Konservierungsvorschlag (de) recommendations resulting from diagnosis, for the purpose of conservation planning NOTE In some countries this often includes, or refers to, a document called "statement of significance". 3.6.8 documentation (en)
documentation (fr) Dokumentation (de) recorded information created, collected, held and maintained for the purpose of present and future conservation and for reference EXAMPLES X-radiographs, drawings, photographs, written reports, computer files, photogrammetry, laser-scanning, etc. NOTE This term can also refer to the process itself. SIST EN 15898:2011



EN 15898:2011 (E) 16 Bibliography Main websites [1] Intern
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