SIST-TP ETSI/ETR 060 E2:2005

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP ETSI/ETR 060 E2:2005
01-april-2005
Signalizacijski protokoli in komutacija (SPS) - Navodila za uporabo zapisa
abstraktne skladnje št. 1 (ASN.1) v telekomunikacijsko aplikacijskih protokolih
Signalling Protocols and Switching (SPS); Guidelines for using Abstract Syntax Notation
One (ASN.1) in telecommunication application protocols
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETR 060 Edition 2
ICS:
33.040.30 Komutacijski in signalizacijski Switching and signalling
sistem systems
SIST-TP ETSI/ETR 060 E2:2005 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TP ETSI/ETR 060 E2:2005

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SIST-TP ETSI/ETR 060 E2:2005
ETSI ETR 060
TECHNICAL September 1995
REPORT Second Edition
Source: ETSI TC-SPS Reference: RTR/SPS-02015
ICS: 35.100.60
ASN.1
Key words:
Signalling Protocols and Switching (SPS);
Guidelines for using Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
in telecommunication application protocols
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Postal address:
650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
Office address:
c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - secretariat@etsi.fr
X.400: Internet:
Tel.: +33 92 94 42 00 - Fax: +33 93 65 47 16
Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1995. All rights reserved.
New presentation - see History box

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Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Standards Approval Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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Contents
Foreword .5
1 Scope .7
2 References.8
3 Abbreviations.9
4 Overview of ASN.1 .9
5 Specification of protocol data units.10
5.1 Modules .10
5.2 Tagging.11
5.3 Handling of optional and default elements.12
5.4 Subtyping .13
5.5 Importing and exporting data types.14
5.5.1 Exporting .14
5.5.2 Importing .14
5.6 Comments and user-defined constraints.15
5.7 Information elements dependencies.17
5.8 Miscellaneous .17
5.8.1 Elements and types.17
5.8.2 Order of elements .18
5.8.3 Specification of nested structures .19
5.8.4 Enumerated types .19
5.8.5 Specification of operations and errors.20
6 Leaving holes in specifications.20
6.1 General aspects.20
6.2 Embedding information.20
6.3 Defining generic types .22
7 Protocol modifications .23
7.1 Changes to abstract-syntaxes descriptions .23
7.1.1 Non compatible changes.23
7.1.2 Changes without impact on the abstract-syntax.24
7.1.3 Extension of an abstract syntax .24
7.1.4 Private extensions .26
7.2 Impact on the transfer-syntax .26
7.2.1 Non compatible changes.26
7.2.2 Changes without impact on transfer-syntaxes .26
7.2.3 Extension of a transfer-syntax.27
8 Compatibility issues.27
8.1 Backward compatibility .27
8.2 Forward compatibility .28
9 Changing names of information objects.29
9.1 Module names .29
9.2 Abstract syntax names .30
9.3 Application context names.30
Annex A: Migration from 1988/1990 notation to 1994 notation .31
Annex B: Specific guidance for users of the 1988/1990 notation.32

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B.1 Use of identifiers. 32
B.2 Choice and Any values . 32
B.3 Tagging. 33
B.4 Operations and Errors . 36
History. 38

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Foreword
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) has been produced by the Signalling Protocols and Switching (SPS)
Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
ETRs are informative documents resulting from ETSI studies which are not appropriate for European
Telecommunication Standard (ETS) or Interim European Telecommunication Standard (I-ETS) status. An
ETR may be used to publish material which is either of an informative nature, relating to the use or the
application of ETSs or I-ETSs, or which is immature and not yet suitable for formal adoption as an ETS or
an I-ETS.
This second edition of ETR 060 takes into account the further evolution of ASN.1 since the publication of
the first edition in 1992.

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1 Scope
The purpose of this ETSI Technical Report (ETR) is to provide guidelines on the use of Abstract Syntax
Notation One (ASN.1) for specifying telecommunication application protocols.
This ETR is based on ITU-T Recommendations X.680 [1], X.681 [2], X.682 [3] and X.683 [4] which specify
the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). In case of misalignment, these Recommendations shall be
considered as the primary reference.
Unless explicitly indicated, all references to encoding and decoding functions assume the use of the Basic
1
Encoding Rules (BER) or any of their variants as they are specified in ITU-T Recommendation X.690 [5] .
This ETR is not a tutorial on ASN.1. Tutorial matter exists on this subject, e.g. "A tutorial on Abstract
Syntax Notation One" [17], "ASN.1 MACRO Facility" [18], "ASN.1 and ROS" [19], "An overview of
ASN.1" [20]. More specific tutorial information on the latest extensions to ASN.1 can be found in "An
introduction to the ASN.1 MACRO replacement notation" [21] and "Efficient encoding rules for ASN.1-
based protocols" [22].
Annex F of ITU-T Recommendation X.680 [1] also provides a set of general guidelines for use of the
notation.
Throughout this ETR, the term "user" denotes a person who employs ASN.1 for protocol design. The term
1988/90 notation is used to refer to that ASN.1 notation specified in CCITT Recommendation X.208
(1988) | ISO/IEC 8824:1990 [9]. The term current notation is used to refer to that specified in ITU-T
Recommendation X.680 [1].
Unless explicitly stated, all the guidelines contained in the body of this ETR are also applicable to users of
the 1988/90 notation.
Annex A provides guidance for the migration from the 1988/90 notation to the current notation.
Annex B provides specific guidance which only applies to superseded features of the 1988/90 notation.
Terms between quotation marks refer directly to items or productions defined by the ASN.1 standard (e.g.
"typereference", "Symbol").
The main objectives of the recommendations made in this ETR are:
a) allow the re-use of data types from one domain to another;
b) ease protocol evolution, taking into account compatibility issues;
c) ease the maintainability of the specifications;
d) ease automated implementation of encoding and decoding functions;
e) ease the production of test specifications, especially when specified using the Tree and Tabular
Combined Notation (see ITU-T Recommendation X.292 [11]) which makes a direct use of the
ASN.1 type definitions of the protocol to be tested.

1
ITU-T Recommendation X.690 supersedes CCITT Recommendation X.209 [10].

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2 References
This ETR incorporates by dated and undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this ETR
only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies.
[1] ITU-T Recommendation X.680 (1994): "Specification of abstract syntax notation
one (ASN.1): Specification of the basic notation" (also published as
ISO/IEC 8824-1).
[2] ITU-T Recommendation X.681 (1994): "Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1):
Information Object Specification" (also published as ISO/IEC 8824-2).
[3] ITU-T Recommendation X.682 (1994): "Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1):
Constraint Specification" (also published as ISO/IEC 8824-3).
[4] ITU-T Recommendation X.683 (1994): "Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1):
Parameterisation of ASN.1 specifications" (also published as ISO/IEC 8824-4).
[5] ITU-T Recommendation X.690 (1994): "Specification of ASN.1 encoding rules:
basic encoding rules" (also published as ISO/IEC 8825-1).
[6] ITU-T Recommendation X.691 (1994): "Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1):
Packed Encoding Rules" (also published as ISO/IEC 8825-2).
[7] ITU-T Recommendation X.680 (1994): "Specification of abstract syntax notation
one (ASN.1): Specification of the basic notation - Amendment 1: Rules for
extensibility".
[8] ITU-T Recommendation X.681 (1994): "Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1):
Information Object Specification - Amendment 1: Rules for extensibility".
[9] CCITT Recommendation X.208 (1988): "Specification of abstract syntax
notation one (ASN.1)" (also published as ISO/IEC 8824:1990).
[10] CCITT Recommendation X.209 (1988): "Specification of basic encoding rules
for abstract syntax notation one (ASN.1)".
[11] ITU-T Recommendation X.292 (1993): "OSI Conformance Testing Methodology
and Framework: Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN)" (also published
as ISO/IEC 9646-3).
[12] CCITT Recommendation X.219 (1988): "Remote operations; model, notation
and service definition".
[13] ITU-T Recommendations Q.771 to Q.775 (1993): "Specifications of Signalling
System No 7: Transaction Capabilities (TC)".
[14] CCITT Recommendations Q.771 to Q.775 (1988): "Specifications of Signalling
System No. 7, Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)".
[15] ETS 300 351 (1994): "ETSI object identifier tree; Rules and registration
procedures".
[16] ITU-T Recommendation X.880 (1995): "Remote Operations: concepts, model
and notation".
[17] "A tutorial on Abstract Syntax Notation One" - David Chappel, Cray Research
Inc. - OMNICOM Open System Data Transfer, Trans #25, December 1986.

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[18] "ASN.1 MACRO Facility" - Jim Reinstedler, Ungermann-Bass Inc. - OMNICOM
Open System Data Transfer, Trans #33, April 1988.
[19] "ASN.1 and ROS: The impact of X400 on OSI" - James E. White - IEEE Journal
on Selected Areas In Communications, Vol.7, No.7 - September 1989.
[20] "An overview of ASN.1" - Gerald Neufeld, Son Vuang - Computers and ISDN
Systems - No.23 (1992).
[21] "An introduction to the ASN.1 MACRO replacement notation" - Nilo Mitra - AT&T
Technical Journal - Vol.73 - No.3 - May/June 1994.
[22] "Efficient encoding rules for ASN.1-based protocols"- Nilo Mitra - AT&T
Technical Journal - Vol.73 - No.3 - May/June 1994.
3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this ETR, the following abbreviations apply
AC Application Context
APDU Application Protocol Data Unit
ASE Application Service Element
ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One
BER Basic Encoding Rules
DSS1 Digital Subscriber Signalling Number one
MAP Mobile Application Part
PDU Protocol Data Unit
PICS Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement
PER Packed Encoding Rules
ROSE Remote Operation Service Element
SS7 Signalling System No.7
TC Transaction Capabilities
TTCN Tree and Tabular Combined Notation
4 Overview of ASN.1
Signalling messages are often described using a tabular notation; their format and binary representation is
specified using tables whose entries are the information elements from which they are built. This method
is rather convenient when the message structure is simple and when there is no need to consider different
encoding schemes to represent the same information.
The ITU-T Recommendations covering Signalling System No.7 (SS7) and Digital Subscriber Signalling
System No. one (DSS1), currently describe most of the Application Protocol Data Units (APDU) in this
manner (e.g. Telephone User Part messages, DSS1 "layer 3" messages, etc.). This is also the approach
taken in OSI to describe the protocol data units up to layer 5.
However, as far as the signalling information to be exchanged between telecommunication systems
becomes more and more complex, the limits of this tabular notation become clear; difficulties for
representing structured elements, duplication of definitions due to the mixture between the syntax of an
information and the way it is encoded, etc.
For the above reasons, it then becomes necessary to change the description technique of signalling
messages. This is achieved using the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1).
ASN.1 provides a means to describe data types as well as value of these types in an abstract manner. It
does this without determining the way instances of these data types are to be represented during
transmission.
Since a signalling message, as any protocol data unit, can be represented by a data type (generally a
structured one) ASN.1 fulfils very well the requirements for describing complex messages.

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Beside the abstraction and the formalism of data descriptions, one of the objectives of ASN.1 is to
facilitate the encoding and decoding of values of the types defined using the notation. This is why, unlike
the data declaration portion of programming languages, it provides inherently a means for associating
identification tags with data types.
ITU-T Recommendation X.680 [1] specifies a number of simple and structured built-in types which allows
the user of the notation to define more complex types and associated data values by combining these
built-in types. In addition this notation also provides a set of subtype constructors (e.g. value range, size
constraint) to define types whose values are only a subset of the values of some other type (the parent
type).
Examples of simple built-in types are: boolean type, enumerated type, integer type, octet string type, while
examples of built-in structured types are: sequence type, set type, choice type, etc.
Beyond the specification of data units, the latest version of ASN.1 also provides tools for describing other
kind of information object classes, relationships between components of a PDU or other kind of
constraints, and for parameterizing a specification (see ITU-T Recommendations X.681 [2], X.682 [3],
X.683 [4]). Most of these features are intended to serve as a replacement for the MACRO notation and the
ANY type defined as part of the 1988/90 notation
Although the term "ASN.1" is still often used to refer both to this notation and the Basic Encoding Rules,
new Standards and Recommendations defining signalling protocols should made very clear that the two
aspects are distinct (i.e. other encoding rules may be applied to the defined abstract syntax).
While message description is mainly based on the ASN.1 type notation, the ASN.1 value notation is a
basis for some implementations and for specifying constraints for test cases written using the TTCN
notation (see ITU-T Recommendation X.292 [11]). It is therefore of high importance to define data types in
such a way that it is ensured that the resulting value notation is not ambiguous.
5 Specification of protocol data units
5.1 Modules
The following guidelines are appropriate when considering modules:
a) The set of ASN.1 productions which forms a protocol specification shall be organized into one or
several ASN.1 modules.
The criteria for organizing the modules are up to the protocol designer (functional domain, PDU
type, etc.). However for maintainability purposes, the number of inter-module dependencies (i.e.
number of modules seen from one module, number of symbols exported and imported) shall be
limited.
NOTE: The number of ASN.1 modules involved in the definition of data units of a particular
protocol is independent from the number of ASEs in terms of which this protocol is
structured. It has also no impact on the number of abstract syntaxes used to represent
instances of these data units.
b) Attention should be paid to avoid cross references between modules which make the parsing of
complete protocol data units unnecessarily more complex.
c) As stated in ITU-T Recommendation X.680 [1], each ASN.1 module should be given a module
identifier. This is used as a formal reference when exporting or importing definitions between
modules or when using external references.
This identifier shall be composed of a "modulereference" (i.e. a name starting with an upper case
letter) and optionally a value of type object identifier. Unlike an application-context-name or an
abstract-syntax-name, this value is never exchanged between peer protocol machines. However, it
is recommended that an object identifier value be always allocated to modules defined in ETSI
standards.
For further guidance on the use of object identifiers see "An overview of ASN.1" [20]. Rules for
assigning object identifier values within the scope of ETSI are described in ETS 300 351 [15].

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d) It is suggested that modules defined for signalling applications be allocated a "modulereference" of
the following form:
-
e.g., MAP-Operations
Where identifies a set of related application layer signalling protocols (e.g. MAP)
and is a suitable acronym for the contents of this module (e.g. Operations,
CommonTypes, etc.).
5.2 Tagging
The following guidelines are appropriate when considering tagging:
a) the AUTOMATIC TAGS construct should always be used when defining a new module;
NOTE: The AUTOMATIC TAGS construct is not available to users of the 1988/90 notation.
EXAMPLE:
My-Module DEFINITIONS
AUTOMATIC TAGS
::=
BEGIN
My-Type ::= SEQUENCE {
a INTEGER,
b INTEGER OPTIONAL,
c BOOLEAN OPTIONAL
}
END
b) protocol designers which need to modify a module defined using the 1988/90 notation should follow
the guidelines provided in annex B. They should not add the AUTOMATIC TAGS construct in the
module header;
c) protocol designers should avoid to add new definitions in modules where the AUTOMATIC TAGS
construct was not used. They should preferably create a new module for that purpose;
d) the protocol designer shall be aware that automatic tagging places restrictions on the possible
modifications to a type definition when backward compatibility need to be ensured. In addition to
those provided in clause 7, users of automatic tagging shall apply the following rules:
- the order of elements in an existing set- or choice- type shall not be modified in a new version
of the specification;
- new elements in a set-, sequence- or choice- type shall be added after existing elements.

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5.3 Handling of optional and default elements
When defining a structured type (set or sequence type) the protocol designer has to decide for each
"ComponentType" whether the presence of its value is mandatory or not when an instance of this type is
being used. ASN.1 provides two means to express that the value of a "ComponentType" can be omitted.
The following guidelines are appropriate when considering optional elements:
a) when the "ComponentType" corresponds to a genuine option and has a default value, the
DEFAULT keyword shall be used;
EXAMPLE 1:
DataUnit ::= SEQUENCE {
calledParty Address,
isdnSubscriber BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE
}
b) when the "ComponentType" corresponds to a genuine option and has no default value, the
OPTIONAL keyword shall be used;
EXAMPLE 2:
DataUnit ::= SEQUENCE {
calledParty Address,
callingParty Address OPTIONAL
}
c) it is not a good practice to use an OPTIONAL "ComponentType" to represent an information
element whose presence depends on the value of another element. A "TableConstraint" should
preferable be used (see also subclause 5.7).
NOTE: This facility is not available to users of the 1988/90 notation.
EXAMPLE 3: Define:
DataUnit ::= SEQUENCE {
calledParty Address,
supplServiceId SUPPLEMENTARY-SERVICE.&code,
supplServiceInfo SUPPLEMENTARY-SERVICE.¶meters
({SupplServiceSet}{@supplServiceId})
}
-- SUPPLEMENTARY-SERVICE is an information object class defined
-- elsewhere
-- SupplServiceSet is a set of object of this class.
rather than:
DataUnit ::= SEQUENCE {
calledParty Address,
supplServiceId SS-Code,
forwardedToNumber Address OPTIONAL,
-- present if SS-Code is 1
callBarringPassword Password OPTIONAL
-- present if SS-Code is 2
}

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5.4 Subtyping
The following guidelines are appropriate when considering subtyping:
a) as a general rule, all types which appear in the specification of a PDU shall have their boundaries
formally specified. If this is not inherent to the type definition (e.g. a boolean type), this has to be
done using the subtyping mechanisms provided by the notation;
This concerns the integer types, octet string types, bit string types, character string types and all the
types derived from them. The maximum and minimum number of components in a sequence-of
type or set-of type shall also be specified.
b) if it is not possible to reach an agreement on a particular bound, it is recommended to define a
parameterized type, whose parameter is the unresolved bound. The actual bound will have to be
provided as part of national specifications or in the PICS. An exception specification should also be
added in order to provide a clear specification of the behaviour of an entity in case it receives a
value which does not conform to the actual implemented bound;
EXAMPLE 1:
UserData {INTEGER:up} ::= OCTET STRING ((SIZE(1.up)) !ErrorSpec:truncate)
RequestId {INTEGER:max) ::= INTEGER ((1.max) ! ErrorSpec: ignore )
ErrorSpec ::= ENUMERATED {
truncate (1),
ignore(2)
}
NOTE: This facility is not available to users of the 1988/90 notation.
c) when the same boundaries for value ranges or size constraints are used throughout several
subtype specifications or are subject to evolutions, it is recommended to assign a "valuereference"
to each of these values and to use them in the subtype definition;
EXAMPLE 2:
upperBound INTEGER ::= 20
TypeA ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (1.upperBound))
TypeB ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE(5.upperBound))
d) note that if no lower bound is specified for a type derived from a set-of type or a sequence-type, this
means that a valid value for this type is an empty value. If this is semantically not acceptable, it is
worth to specify the type as follows:
TypeA ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1.upperBound) OF BaseType.
e) use of inner subtyping is also encouraged to avoid duplications when there is a need to define a
structured type whose component list is a subset of the component list of an other type (mandatory
elements shall be common to both types).

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EXAMPLE 3:
Address ::= SEQUENCE {
numberingPlan [0] NumberingPlan OPTIONAL,
natureOfAddress [1] NatureOfAddress OPTIONAL,
coding [2] Coding,
presentation [3] BOOLEAN,
screening [4] ScreeningIndicator,
addressSignal [5] DigitString
}
IsdnAddress ::= Address (WITH COMPONENTS {
...,
numberingPlan ABSENT,
natureOfAddress PRESENT
} )
5.5 Importing and exporting data types
5.5.1 Exporting
The following guidelines are appropriate when considering exporting of information elements:
a) any "Reference" (e.g. "typereference", "valuereference") which is used by several modules or is
foreseen to be of possible interest to other domains shall be included in the export list of the module
where they are defined;
b) if it is felt that all symbols can be exported, the EXPORTS keyword shall not appear in the module
definition. This is equivalent to exporting every "Symbol" defined in the module.
5.5.2 Importing
The following guidelines are appropriate when considering importing of information elements:
Explicit imports of a "typereference" or a "valuereference" shall be used rather than an
"externaltypereference" or a "externalvaluereference".
EXAMPLE: Define:
IMPORTS TypeA FROM Module-A;
TypeX ::= SEQUENCE {
element1 INTEGER,
element2 TypeA
}
rather than:
TypeX ::= SEQUENCE {
element1 INTEGER,
element2 Module-A.TypeA
}

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