Lithopone pigments - General requirements and methods of testing (ISO 473:2019)

This document specifies the requirements and the corresponding test methods for three types of lithopone pigments.

Lithopone-Pigmente - Allgemeine Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren (ISO 473:2019)

Dieses Dokument legt die Anforderungen an drei Arten von Lithopone-Pigmenten und die entsprechenden Prüfverfahren fest.
WARNHINWEIS - Personen, die dieses Dokument anwenden, sollten mit der üblichen Laborpraxis vertraut sein. Dieses Dokument erhebt nicht den Anspruch, alle gegebenenfalls mit seiner Anwendung verbundenen Sicherheitsprobleme anzusprechen. Es liegt in der Verantwortung des Anwenders, geeignete Sicherheits- und Gesundheitsschutzpraktiken festzulegen.

Lithopone pour peintures - Exigences générales et méthodes d'essai (ISO 473:2019)

Le présent document fixe les exigences et les méthodes d'essai correspondantes pour les trois types de lithopones.

Litoponski pigmenti - Splošne zahteve in preskusne metode (ISO 473:2019)

General Information

Status
Published
Public Enquiry End Date
01-Jul-2020
Publication Date
01-Nov-2020
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
28-Oct-2020
Due Date
02-Jan-2021
Completion Date
02-Nov-2020

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 473:2020
01-december-2020
Litoponski pigmenti - Splošne zahteve in preskusne metode (ISO 473:2019)
Lithopone pigments - General requirements and methods of testing (ISO 473:2019)
Lithopone-Pigmente - Allgemeine Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren (ISO 473:2019)
Lithopone pour peintures - Exigences générales et méthodes d'essai (ISO 473:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 473:2020
ICS:
87.060.10 Pigmenti in polnila Pigments and extenders
SIST EN ISO 473:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 473:2020

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SIST EN ISO 473:2020


EN ISO 473
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

October 2020
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 87.060.10
English Version

Lithopone pigments - General requirements and methods
of testing (ISO 473:2019)
Lithopone pour peintures - Exigences générales et Lithopone-Pigmente - Allgemeine Anforderungen und
méthodes d'essai (ISO 473:2019) Prüfverfahren (ISO 473:2019)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 September 2020.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 473:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 473:2020
EN ISO 473:2020 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

2

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 473:2020
EN ISO 473:2020 (E)
European foreword
The text of ISO 473:2019 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 256 "Pigments, dyestuffs
and extenders” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as
EN ISO 473:2020 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 298 “Pigments and extenders” the secretariat of
which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2021, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by April 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 473:2019 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 473:2020 without any modification.


3

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SIST EN ISO 473:2020

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SIST EN ISO 473:2020
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 473
Third edition
2019-03
Lithopone pigments — General
requirements and methods of testing
Lithopone pour peintures — Exigences générales et méthodes d'essai
Reference number
ISO 473:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Marking and labelling . 2
5 Required characteristics and their tolerances . 2
6 Sampling . 3
7 Determination of barium sulfate and total zinc content . 3
7.1 General . 3
7.2 Method A . 3
7.2.1 Principle . 3
7.2.2 Reagents . 3
7.2.3 Apparatus . 5
7.2.4 Procedure . 5
7.2.5 Expression of results . 5
7.3 Method B . 6
7.3.1 Principle . 6
7.3.2 Reagents . 6
7.3.3 Apparatus . 8
7.3.4 Procedure . 8
7.3.5 Expression of results . 8
8 Determination of zinc oxide content . 8
8.1 Reagents. 8
8.2 Apparatus . 9
8.3 Procedure . 9
8.4 Expression of results . 9
9 Test report .10
Bibliography .11
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 256, Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 473:1982), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— a new specification of lithopone with a 20 % zinc sulphide (ZnS) content (lithopone 20 %) has been
included;
— a new method of test, Method B (Na EDTA titration method) has been introduced;
2
— the text of the document has been editorially revised.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

Introduction
Over the last decade, requirements such as the hiding power for exterior coatings have become less
stringent with a view to reducing cost. In addition, there is a growing demand in the international
exterior coatings market for lithopone with a 20 % total zinc sulphide (ZnS) content rather than the
more expensive lithopone with a 30 % or 60 % total zinc sulphide content (hereinafter referred to as
lithopone 20 %, lithopone 30 % and lithopone 60 %, respectively). The previous edition of this document
provided for only two specifications of lithopone, namely lithopone 30 % and lithopone 60 %. To avoid
confusion and disputes related to the transportation, release and clearance of lithopone 20 %, it has
been included as a third specification in this document.
The determination of the total zinc content in lithopone using the potassium hexacyanoferrate titration
method is rather complicated to operate and apt to fail. With such a test method, fluctuations in the
temperature of the solution may be experienced and it is difficult to read the titration end point.
Therefore, the Na EDTA direct titration method has been added to this document, which is time-saving
2
and easier to operate, and with a proven accuracy. This testing method is based on Reference [2].
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 473:2020

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 473:2020
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 473:2019(E)
Lithopone pigments — General requirements and methods
of testing
WARNING — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices.
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements and the corresponding test methods for three types of
lithopone pigments.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 385, Laboratory glassware — Burettes
ISO 648, Laboratory glassware — Single-volume pipettes
ISO 787-1, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 1: Comparison of colour of pigments
ISO 787-2, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 2: Determination of matter volatile
at 105 °C
ISO 787-3, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 3: Determination of matter soluble
in water — Hot extraction method
ISO 787-4, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 4: Determination of acidity or
alkalinity of the aqueous extract
ISO 787-5, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 5: Determination of oil
absorption value
ISO 787-7, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 7: Determination of residue on
sieve — Water method — Manual procedure
ISO 787-17, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Comparison of lightening power of white
pigments
ISO 1042, Laboratory glassware — One-mark volumetric flasks
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 15528, Paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes — Sampling
ISO 18451-1, Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders — Terminology — Part 1: General terms
ISO 18451-2, Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders — Terminology — Part 2: Classification of colouring
materials according to colouristic and chemical aspects
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 18451-1, ISO 18451-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IECElectropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
lithopone 20 %
white pigment consisting of approximately 20 % zinc sulphide (ZnS), the balance being made up mainly
of barium sulphate (BaS0 )
4
Note 1 to entry: The material is a calcined co-precipitate.
3.2
li
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020
01-junij-2020
Litopon - Splošne zahteve in preskusne metode (ISO 473:2019)
Lithopone pigments - General requirements and methods of testing (ISO 473:2019)
Lithopone-Pigmente - Allgemeine Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren (ISO 473:2019)
Lithopone pour peintures - Exigences générales et méthodes d'essai (ISO 473:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 473
ICS:
87.060.10 Pigmenti in polnila Pigments and extenders
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 473
Third edition
2019-03
Lithopone pigments — General
requirements and methods of testing
Lithopone pour peintures — Exigences générales et méthodes d'essai
Reference number
ISO 473:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Marking and labelling . 2
5 Required characteristics and their tolerances . 2
6 Sampling . 3
7 Determination of barium sulfate and total zinc content . 3
7.1 General . 3
7.2 Method A . 3
7.2.1 Principle . 3
7.2.2 Reagents . 3
7.2.3 Apparatus . 5
7.2.4 Procedure . 5
7.2.5 Expression of results . 5
7.3 Method B . 6
7.3.1 Principle . 6
7.3.2 Reagents . 6
7.3.3 Apparatus . 8
7.3.4 Procedure . 8
7.3.5 Expression of results . 8
8 Determination of zinc oxide content . 8
8.1 Reagents. 8
8.2 Apparatus . 9
8.3 Procedure . 9
8.4 Expression of results . 9
9 Test report .10
Bibliography .11
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 256, Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 473:1982), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— a new specification of lithopone with a 20 % zinc sulphide (ZnS) content (lithopone 20 %) has been
included;
— a new method of test, Method B (Na EDTA titration method) has been introduced;
2
— the text of the document has been editorially revised.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

Introduction
Over the last decade, requirements such as the hiding power for exterior coatings have become less
stringent with a view to reducing cost. In addition, there is a growing demand in the international
exterior coatings market for lithopone with a 20 % total zinc sulphide (ZnS) content rather than the
more expensive lithopone with a 30 % or 60 % total zinc sulphide content (hereinafter referred to as
lithopone 20 %, lithopone 30 % and lithopone 60 %, respectively). The previous edition of this document
provided for only two specifications of lithopone, namely lithopone 30 % and lithopone 60 %. To avoid
confusion and disputes related to the transportation, release and clearance of lithopone 20 %, it has
been included as a third specification in this document.
The determination of the total zinc content in lithopone using the potassium hexacyanoferrate titration
method is rather complicated to operate and apt to fail. With such a test method, fluctuations in the
temperature of the solution may be experienced and it is difficult to read the titration end point.
Therefore, the Na EDTA direct titration method has been added to this document, which is time-saving
2
and easier to operate, and with a proven accuracy. This testing method is based on Reference [2].
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 473:2019(E)
Lithopone pigments — General requirements and methods
of testing
WARNING — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices.
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements and the corresponding test methods for three types of
lithopone pigments.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 385, Laboratory glassware — Burettes
ISO 648, Laboratory glassware — Single-volume pipettes
ISO 787-1, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 1: Comparison of colour of pigments
ISO 787-2, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 2: Determination of matter volatile
at 105 °C
ISO 787-3, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 3: Determination of matter soluble
in water — Hot extraction method
ISO 787-4, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 4: Determination of acidity or
alkalinity of the aqueous extract
ISO 787-5, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 5: Determination of oil
absorption value
ISO 787-7, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Part 7: Determination of residue on
sieve — Water method — Manual procedure
ISO 787-17, General methods of test for pigments and extenders — Comparison of lightening power of white
pigments
ISO 1042, Laboratory glassware — One-mark volumetric flasks
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 15528, Paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes — Sampling
ISO 18451-1, Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders — Terminology — Part 1: General terms
ISO 18451-2, Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders — Terminology — Part 2: Classification of colouring
materials according to colouristic and chemical aspects
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 18451-1, ISO 18451-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IECElectropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
lithopone 20 %
white pigment consisting of approximately 20 % zinc sulphide (ZnS), the balance being made up mainly
of barium sulphate (BaS0 )
4
Note 1 to entry: The material is a calcined co-precipitate.
3.2
lithopone 30 %
white pigment consisting of zinc sulphide (ZnS) and barium sulphate (BaS0 ) in approximately
4
equimolecular proportions
Note 1 to entry: The material is a calcined co-precipitate.
3.3
lithopone 60 %
white pigment consisting of approximately 60 % zinc sulphide (ZnS), the balance being made up mainly
of barium sulphate (BaS0 )
4
Note 1 to entry: The material is a calcined co-precipitate.
4 Marking and labelling
Lithopone with a content of about 20 %, 30 % or 60 % of zinc sulphide should be marked or labelled
as such.
5 Required characteristics and their tolerances
Lithopone pigments shall have the characteristics shown in Table 1.
The sample agreed between the interested parties, to which reference is made in Table 1, shall be one
and the same and shall comply with all the requirements specified for the pigment under test.
Table 1 — Required characteristics and their tolerances
Characteristic Unit Requirement Test method
Total zinc, calculated as zinc % (mass fraction) Clause 7
sulphide
Lithopone 30 % ≥ 28
Lithopone 60 % ≥ 58
Lithopone 20 % ≥ 18
Zinc oxide % (mass fraction) ≤ 1 Clause 8
Sum of total zinc, calculated % (mass fraction) Clause 7
as zinc sulphide, and bari- ≥ 99
um sulfate
Matter volatile at 105 °C % (mass fraction) ≤ 0,5 ISO 787-2
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 473:2020
ISO 473:2019(E)

Table 1 (continued)
Characteristic Unit Requirement Test method
Matter soluble in water % (mass fraction) ≤ 0,5 ISO 787-3
Residue on sieve (63 µm) % (mass fraction) ≤ 0,1 ISO 787-7
Colour — Closely matching that of ISO 787-1
the agreed sample
Alkalinity of the aqueous ml of 0,1 mol/l Closely matching that of ISO 787-4
extract the agreed sample
Oil absorption value g/100 g To be agreed between the ISO 787-5
interested parties
Lightening power % To be agreed between the ISO 787-17
interested parties
H
...

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