SIST-TS CEN/TS 14588:2004

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 14588:2004
01-julij-2004
Trdna biogoriva - Terminologija, definicije in opisi
Solid biofuels - Terminology, definitions and descriptions
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Terminologie, Definitionen und Beschreibungen
Biocombustibles solides - Terminologie, définitions et descriptions
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 14588:2003
ICS:
01.040.75 Naftna in sorodna tehnologija Petroleum and related
(Slovarji) technologies (Vocabularies)
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
SIST-TS CEN/TS 14588:2004 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TS CEN/TS 14588:2004

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SIST-TS CEN/TS 14588:2004
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 14588
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
June 2003
ICS 01.040.75, 75.160.10
English version
Solid biofuels – Terminology, definitions and descriptions
Biocombustibles solides – Terminologie, définitions et Feste Biobrennstoffe – Terminologie, Definitionen und
descriptions Beschreibungen
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 28 February 2003 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available. It
is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible
conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14588:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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Contents
page
Introduction .4
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .5
3 Principle.5
4 Terms and definitions.6
Annex A (informative) Translation.22
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Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 14588:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN /TC 335, "Solid biofuels",
the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
Annex A is informative.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
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Introduction
This Technical specification has been performed in accordance with ISO 10241 [1]. Beside international standards
(see References) approved national standards and manuals [2], [3], [4], [5] provided the basis of this Technical
specification. Moreover some terms important within specific nations were added to the international terminology
during compilation of this Draft.
Waste is defined in Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC [6] and some of the given terms fall within this
category. However sources within the scope of this standard are excluded from the scope of Directive 2000/76/EC
(“waste incineration directive”) [7]. In the following standard instead of the legal definition waste the technical term
residue is used for well defined side-streams from agricultural, forestry and related industrial operations. The terms
and definitions are harmonised as far as possible with the current language used in management as well as in
regulatory activities.
1 Scope
This European Technical specification defines terms concerned in all standardisation work within the scope of
CEN/TC 335. According to CEN/TC 335 this European Technical specification is applicable to solid biofuels
originating from the following sources:
 products from agriculture and forestry,
 vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry,
 vegetable waste from the food processing industry,
 wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy
metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular such wood
waste from construction- and demolition waste,
 cork waste,
 fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-
incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered.
The embedding of the scope within the biomass/biofuel field is given in figure 1.
Biofuel
Biomass
Bioenergy
Solid biofuel
CEN TC 335
Liquid and gaseous
biofuel
Non-fuels
Figure 1 — CEN TC 335 within the biomass-biofuel-bioenergy field (draft).
4
production / preparation
conversion

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NOTE 1 The CEN/TC 335 considers that wood waste, including wood waste originating from construction and demolition
waste are included in the scope of CEN/TC 335 and of the scope of the mandate M/298 "solid biofuels", unless they contain
halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coatings [8].
NOTE 2 There are more terms included within this Technical specification as covered by the mandate due to clarification and
differentiation.
NOTE 3 Changes of ownership of the fibrous vegetable waste between paper and pulp company and the operator pf the co-
imcineration plant in which the waste is used does not affect the inclusion of the waste in the scope of mandate M/298.
Other standards with a different scope than this European Technical specification can have different definitions
than this standard.
2 Normative references
This European Technical Specification incorporates with by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are
listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to
this technical specification only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
prEN 13965-1: 2000, Characterization of waste — Terminology — Part 1: Material related terms and definitions
ISO 540:1995, Solid mineral fuels — Determination of fusibility of ash — High-temperature tube method.
ISO 1928:1995, Solid mineral fuels — Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method, and
calculation of net calorific value.
ISO 1213-2:1992, Solid mineral fuels — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms relating to sampling, testing and analysis.
ISO 13909: 2003, Hard coal and coke — Mechanical sampling.
3 Principle
Solid biofuels are produced from different sources, which are defined within the scope of CEN TC 335 “Solid
Biofuels”. Terms and definitions are categorised in a logical structure based on the fact that solid biofuels are
produced from different sources and that the purpose of solid biofuels is the conversion into bioenergy:
 the sources of solid biofuels cover the initial location of the input material (biomass) in the economic and
environmental cycles (like forest wood, energy forest trees, logging residues, landscape management residues
etc.);
 the description of the solid biofuels itself as well as their handling, which covers the source and origin of the
biofuel given in the same structure as the biomass sources (e.g., wood fuels, forest fuels), the different forms
of biofuels produced within the preparation process (i.e. chipped biofuels, bundled biofuels), the most relevant
biofuel properties (e.g., total moisture, total ash), and terms of sampling and testing as well as classification
and specification;
 bioenergy as the result of biofuel conversion.
Appropriate terms for sampling and testing as well as classification and specification of properties have to be
defined and described together with the category nature/origin, type and properties of solid biofuels. The structure
of this technical specification (table 1) is based on the classification system of solid biofuels given in [9], in which
the classification of solid biofuels is specified more detailed.
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Table 1 — Structure of the terms [9]
Sources of biofuels Woody biomass
Herbaceous biomass
Fruit biomass
Biomass blends and mixtures
Solid biofuels Source/origin
Traded forms
Sampling and testing
Properties
Classification and specification
Bioenergy
4 Terms and definitions
4.1
agricultural residues
biomass residues originating from production, harvesting, and processing in farm areas
NOTE See also animal husbandry residues and crop production residues
4.2
agrofuels
biofuels obtained as a product of energy crops and/or agricultural residues
NOTE Adapted from Draft FAO unified wood energy terminology (UWET) [10]
4.3
animal husbandry residues
agricultural residues originating from livestock keeping
NOTE 1 It includes among others solid excreta of animals.
NOTE 2 For the time being animal husbandry residues are out of the scope of the mandate. The term is included for
information only.
4.4
ash
residue obtained by combustion of a fuel
NOTE 1 See also total ash and ash fusibility.
NOTE 2 Depending on the combustion efficiency the ash may contain combustibles.
NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992
4.5
ash deformation temperature, DT
temperature at which first signs of rounding due to melting, of the tip or edges of the test piece occur
NOTE Adapted from ISO 540:1995
4.6
ash flow temperature, FT
temperature at which the ash is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height of which is one-third of the
height of the test piece at the ash hemisphere temperature
NOTE Adapted from ISO 540:1995
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4.7
ash fusibility ; ash melting behaviour
characteristic physical state of the ash obtained by heating under specific conditions
NOTE 1 Ash fusibility is determined under either oxidizing or reducing conditions.
NOTE 2 See also ash deformation temperature, ash flow temperature, ash hemisphere temperature, and ash sphere
temperature.
NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO 540:1995
4.8
ash hemisphere temperature, HT
temperature at which the height of a test piece, prepared from ash by a specific procedure, is equal to half the
width of the base, and its shape becomes approximately hemispherical
NOTE Adapted from ISO 540:1995
4.9
ash sphere temperature, ST
temperature where the height of a pyramidal and truncated-cone test pieces is equal to the width of the base, or
the edges of a cubical or cylindrical test pieces are completely round with the height remaining unchanged
NOTE Adapted from ISO 540:1995
4.10
baled biofuel, bale
solid biofuel which has been compressed and bound to keep its shape and density
EXAMPLE Straw bales, bales of energy grass, bales of treetops and branches
4.11
bark
organic cellular tissue which is formed by taller plants (trees, bushes) on the outside of the growth zone (cambium)
as a shell for the wooden body
4.12
basic density
ratio of the mass on dry basis and the solid volume on green basis
4.13
bioenergy
energy from biofuels
4.14
biofuel
fuel produced directly or indirectly from biomass
4.15
biofuel blend
biofuel resulting from intentionally mixing of different biofuels
EXAMPLE Straw or energy grass with wood, dried biosludge with bark.
4.16
biofuel briquette
densified biofuel made with or without pressing aids in the form of cubiform or cylindrical units, produced by
compressing pulverised biomass
NOTE 1 The raw material for briquettes can be woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass and biomass blends, and
biomass mixtures
NOTE 2 Biofuel briquettes are usually manufactured in a piston press. The total moisture of the biofuel briquette is usually
less than 15 % of mass.
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4.17
biofuel mixture
biofuel resulting from natural or unintentional mixing of different biofuels and/or different types of biomass
4.18
biofuel pellet
densified biofuel made from pulverised biomass with or without pressing aids usually with a cylindrical form,
random length typically 5 to 30 mm, and broken ends
NOTE The raw material for biofuel pellets can be woody biomass, herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, or biomass blends
and mixtures. They are usually manufactured in a die. The total moisture of biofuel pellets is usually less than 10 % of mass.
4.19
biomass
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and transformed to fossil
NOTE See also herbaceous biomass, fruit biomass, and woody biomass.
4.20
biomass residues
biomass originating from well defined side-streams from agricultural, forestry and related industrial operations
NOTE Adapted from the proposal within the Draft CEN Report Solid Recovered Fuels [11]
4.21
biosludge
sludge formed in the aeration basin during biological waste water treatment or biological treatment process and
separated by sedimentation or flotation
NOTE The sludge can be dewatered and further processed into solid biofuel.
4.22
black liquor
liquor obtained from wood during the process of pulp production, in which the energy content is mainly originating
from the content of lignin removed from the wood in the pulping process
NOTE For the time being black liquor is out of the scope of the mandate. The term is included for information only.
4.23
bridging ; arching
tendency of particles to form a stable arch across an opening and hindering flow
NOTE Adapted to Woodcock and Mason. Bulk Solids Handling [12]
4.24
bulk density
mass of a portion of a solid fuel divided by the volume of the container which is filled by that portion under specific
conditions
NOTE Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992
4.25
bulk volume, loose volume
volume of a material including space between the particles
4.26
bundled biofuel, bundle
solid biofuels which has been bound together and where there is a lengthwise orientation of the material
EXAMPLE Bundles of energy forest trees and logging residues, small trees, or branches and tops.
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4.27
calorific value, heating value (q)
energy amount per unit mass or volume released on complete combustion
NOTE See also gross calorific value, energy density, net calorific value, and net calorific value as received
4.28
cereal crops
annual crops grown with the main purpose to use the seed for food production
NOTE Some cereal crops can be used as a solid biofuel.
EXAMPLES barley, wheat, rye, oat
4.29
char
solid partially or non-agglomerated carbonaceous material produced by pyrolysis of solid biofuels
NOTE Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992
4.30
chopped straw
straw which has been cut into small pieces
4.31
chunkwood
wood cut or brooken with sharp cutting devices in which most of the material has a typical particle length,
substantially longer and more coarse than wood chips
NOTE Chunkwood has a typical length of 50 to 150 mm.
4.32
combined sample
sample consisting of all the increments taken from a sub-lot
NOTE The increments may be reduced by division before being added to the combined sample.
4.33
common sample
sample collected for more than one intended use
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
4.34
complete tree
harvested tree, including limbs and root system
NOTE See also whole tree.
4.35
cork residues
biomass residues from cork production
4.36
crop production residues
agricultural residues originating from crop production, harvesting, and processing in farm areas
NOTE It includes among others wood, straw, stalks, and husks.
4.37
cross-cut ends
short pieces of woody biomass which occur when the ends of logs or sawn timber are cross cut off, with or without
bark
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4.38
cut biofuel
solid biofuel cut into pieces
NOTE See also chunkwood, firewood, chopped straw, and smallwood.
4.39
cutter chips
wood chips made as a by-product of the wood processing industry, with or without bark
4.40
demolition wood
used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installation
NOTE Adapted from prEN 13965-1:2000
4.41
densified biofuel, compressed biofuel
solid biofuel made by mechanically compressing biomass to increase its density and to mould the fuel into a
specific size and shape such as cubes, pressed logs, biofuel pellets or biofuel briquettes
NOTE See also biofuel briquette and biofuel pellets.
4.42
density
ratio of mass to volume
NOTE 1 It must always be stated whether the density refers to the density of individual particles or to the bulk density of the
material and whether the mass of water in the material is included.
NOTE 2 See also basic density, bulk density and particle density.
4.43
dry ash free basis
condition in which the solid biofuel is free from moisture and inorganic matter
4.44
dry, dry basis
condition in which the solid biofuel is free from moisture
NOTE Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992
4.45
dry matter
material after removal of moisture under specific conditions
4.46
dry matter content
portion of dry matter in the total material on mass basis
4.47
edgings
parts of woody biomass which occur when trimming sawn timber and which show a remainder of the original
rounded surface of the tree, with or without bark
4.48
energy crops, fuel crops
woody or herbaceous crops grown specifically for their fuel value
NOTE See also energy forest trees, energy grass, energy plantation trees.
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4.49
energy density
ratio of net energy content and bulk volume
NOTE The energy density is calculated using the net calorific value determined and the bulk density.
4.50
energy forest trees
woody biomass grown specifically for its fuel value in medium to long rotation forestry
4.51
energy grass; fuel grass
herbaceous energy crop
EXAMPLE Sugarcane, Miscanthus, Reed canary grass.
4.52
energy plantation trees
woody biomass grown as short rotation trees specifically for its fuel value
4.53
extraneous ash
total ash from contaminants entering the material at harvest, logging, treatment, transport, storage etc.
4.54
fibreboard residues
woody biomass residues from the fibreboard industry
4.55
fibre sludge
sludge formed in the sedimentation basin as a part of the waste water treatment process in a pulp and paper mill
and separated by sedimentation or flotation
NOTE The main component is pieces of wood fibres. The sludge can be dewatered and further processed into a solid
biofuel.
4.56
firewood
cut and split oven-ready fuelwood used in household wood burning appliances like stoves, fireplaces and central
heating systems
NOTE Firewood usually has a uniform length, typically in the range of 150 mm to 1000 mm.
4.57
fixed carbon
remainder after the percentage of total moisture, total ash, and volatile matter are subtracted from 100
NOTE Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992
4.58
flowability
ability of a solid to flow
NOTE See also bridging.
4.59
food processing industry residues
biomass residues originating from the food processing industry
NOTE 1 It includes among others bone meal, press cake from juice production.
NOTE 2 For the time being food processing industry residues are only partly within the scope of the mandate.
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4.60
foreign material; impurities
material other than claimed, which has contaminated the biofuel
4.61
forest chips
forest wood in the form of wood chips
4.62
forest fuels
wood fuel produced where the raw material has not previously had another use
NOTE Forest fuel is produced directly from forest wood by a mechanical process.
4.63
forest and plantation wood
woody biomass from forests and/or tree plantations
NOTE See also complete tree, energy forest trees, energy plantation trees, logging residues, thinning residues, tree
section, and whole tree.
4.64
fruit biomass
biomass from the parts of a plant which hold seeds
EXAMPLE Nuts, olives
4.65
fuel
energy carrier intended for energy conversion
4.66
fuel classification
division of fuels into defined fuel classes
NOTE The aim of classification can be to describe the fuel and/or to physically separate certain particle types.
4.67
fuel dust
pulverised biofuel with a typical particle size of 1 to 5 mm
EXAMPLE Saw dust, straw dust
4.68
fuel powder; fuel flour
pulverised biofuel with a typical particle size less than 1 mm
EXAMPLE Wood powder, wood flour, straw powder
4.69
fuel specification
description of fuel properties
4.70
fuelwood; energy wood
wood fuel where the original composition of the wood is preserved
NOTE Adapted from Draft FAO unified wood energy terminology (UWET) [10].
4.71
general analysis sample
sub-sample of a laboratory sample having a nominal top size of 1 mm or less and used for a number of chemical
and physical analyses
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NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
4.72
green basis
condition based on fresh material at specific total moisture
4.73
green chips
wood chips made of fresh logging and thinning residues, including branches and tops
4.74
grinding dust
dust-like wood residue formed in grinding timber and wood boards
4.75
gross calorific value (q )
gr
absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in joules, for unit mass of a solid fuel burned in oxygen in
calorimetric bomb under the conditions specified
NOTE 1 The result of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide,
of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid
ash, all at the reference temperature and at constant volume.
NOTE 2 Old term is higher heating value.
NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO1928:1995
4.76
gross density
ratio of the mass of a wooden body and its volume, including all cavities (pores and vessels), based on specific
total moisture
4.77
herbaceous biomass
biomass from plants that has a non-woody stem and which dies back at the end of the growing season
NOTE 1 See also energy grass.
NOTE 2 Adapted from BioTech’s Life Science Dictionary [13].
4.78
herbaceous fuels
all types of biofuels originating from herbaceous biomass
4.79
hog fuel
fuelwood in the form of pieces of varying size and shape, produced by crushing with blunt tools such as rollers,
hammers, or flails
4.80
horticultural residues
biomass residues originating from production, harvesting, and processing in horticulture including greenhouses
4.81
increment
portion of fuel extracted in a single operation of the sampling device
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
4.82
inorganic matter
non-combustible fraction of dry matter
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4.83
laboratory sample
combined sample or a sub-sample of a combined sample or an increment or a sub-sample of an increment sent to
a laboratory
4.84
landscape management residues
residues of woody, herbaceous and fruit biomass originating from landscape, park, and cemetery management
NOTE It includes among others grass, hay, branches from landscape trees, road side green, and/or wood from shrubs.
4.85
log wood
cut fuelwood in which most of the material has a length of 200 mm and above
4.86
logging residues
woody biomass residues which are created during timber harvesting
NOTE Logging residues include tree tops with branches and they can be salvaged fresh or after seasoning.
4.87
lot
defined quantity of fuel for which the quality is to be determined
NOTE 1 See also sub-lot.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
4.88
mass-reduction
reduction of the mass of a sample or sub-sample
4.89
mechanical strength , mechanical durability
ability of densified biofuel units (e.g. briquettes, pellets) to remain intact during loading, unloading, feeding, and
transport
4.90
moisture
water in a fuel
NOTE See also total moisture and moisture analysis sample.
4.91
moisture analysis sample
sample taken specifically for the purpose of determining total moisture
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
4.92
natural ash
total ash of uncontaminated fuel
4.93
net calorific value (q )
net
under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products remains as water vapour (at 0.1 MPa), the other
products being as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference temperature
NOTE 1 The net calorific value can be determined at constant pressure or at constant volume. The net valorific value at
constant pressure is however the generally used.
NOTE 2 Old term is lower heating value.
NOTE 3 Net calorific value as received (q ) is calculated by the net calorific value from dry matter (q ) and the total
net,ar net,d
moisture as received.
NOTE 4 Adapted from ISO 1928:1995
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4.94
nominal top size
aperture size of the sieve used in the CEN method for determining the particle size distribution of solid biofuels
through which at least 95 % by mass of the material passes
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13909 :2002
4.95
organic matter
combustible fraction of dry matter
4.96
oscillating screen classifier
device containing one or multiple oscillating (flat) screens used to separate material into size classes for calculation
of particles size distribution
4.97
oven dry wood
wood free of moisture, produced by drying to constant weight under specific conditions
4.98
over size particles
portion of particles exceeding a specific limit value
4.99
particleboard residues
woody biomass residues from the particleboard industry
4.100
particle density
density of a single particle
4.101
particle size
size of the fuel particle as determined
NOTE 1 Different methods of determination may give different results.
NOTE 2 See also particle size distribution, fine particles and over size particles.
4.102
particle size distribution
proportions of various particle sizes in a solid fuel
NOTE Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992
4.103
plywood residues
woody biomass residues formed in plywood industry
4.104
pressing aid, additives
additive to the raw material used for enhancing the production of densified fuels
4.105
proximate analysis
analysis of a solid biofuel reported in terms of total ash, total moisture, volatile matter and fixed carbon measured at
specified conditions
NOTE Adapted from ISO 1213-2:1992
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4.106
pulverised biofuel
solid biofuel in the form of dust and powder, produced by milling or grinding
NOTE See also fuel dust and fuel powder.
4.107
recovered construction wood
used wood arising from construction of buildings or from civil engineering works
NOTE Adapted from prEN 13965-1:2000
4.108
rotary screen
device with cylindrical screens used to separate material into size classes for calculation of particle size distribution
4.109
sample
quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the quality is to be determined
NOTE 1 See also combined sample, common sample, general analysis sample, increment, laboratory sample, moisture
analysis sample, size analysis sample, and sub-sample.
NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO 13909:2002
4.110
sample size reduction
reduction of the nominal top size of a sample or sub-sample
4.111
sawdust
fine particles created when sawing wood
NOTE Most of the material has a typical particle length of 1 to 5 mm.
4.112
short rotation trees
woody biomass grown as a raw material and/or for its fuel value in short rotation forests
4.113
shredded biofuel
solid biofuels which has been mechanical treated into smaller pieces by blunt tools
EXAMPLE Shredded straw, shredded bark, hog fuel.
4.114
size analysis sample
sample taken specifically for the purpose of deter
...